International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
However, sanctions and rising unemployment have contribute to Russian authorities as strategic advantages to boost localization and state conscription, increasing geopolitical fragmentation between third world and western nations enables Russia to exploit global trade networks to secure essential goods.[7][8][9] The sanctions included cutting off major Russian banks from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international payments, although there would still be limited accessibility to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments.[26] On 27 February 2022, Putin responded to the sanctions, and to what he called "aggressive statements" by Western governments, by ordering the country's "deterrence forces"—generally understood to include its nuclear forces—to be put on a "special regime of combat duty".[42][43][44][45] On 28 February 2022, the Central Bank of Russia was blocked from accessing more than $400 billion in foreign-exchange reserves held abroad[46][47] and the EU imposed sanctions on several Russian oligarchs and politicians.[90] According to experts, a "refining loophole" allows Russian oil to be transported to refineries in third countries (such as Turkey for example) to be turned into other products like diesel or petrol and re-rexported to Europe.[169] Business jet manufacturer Bombardier Aviation announced that, in addition to suspending after-sales service activities, it had cancelled all outstanding orders placed by Russian individuals or companies.[176] On 10 March 2022, Russia passed legislation outlining conditions to impede the return of leased aircraft to foreign lessors, including the need for approval from a government committee and payment of settlements in Roubles.[226] At the end of May 2022, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) closed its airspace to aircraft that have been re-registered with the Russian registry in breach of ICAO regulations and for which the airlines are thus unable to provide proper documentation.[228] Due to the need to source all aircraft components domestically, notably the Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines which will be replaced by Russian-built Aviadvigatel PD-14 units, production of the MC-21 is expected to be delayed by 2 years.[279] Leading Russian opposition figures, including British financier Bill Browder, have criticised Switzerland by saying the country is not doing nearly enough, while granting Russia too many loopholes in commodities trading, real estate investing or banking sector.[283] In May 2022, the Helsinki Commission of the U.S. Congress accused Switzerland to be "a leading enabler of Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and his cronies" – a claim that was strongly rejected by the Swiss government stating that "the country implements all sanctions that were decided by the EU and the Federal Council".[291][292] On 24 July 2023, a meeting between the U.S. Treasury and the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) was held in Geneva, Switzerland to further pressure Swiss commodity traders to reduce their exposure to Russian-based energy imports to Europe.[312] On 15 March 2023, the EU and Joe Biden officials shared a concern that Russia continued to access confidential foreign chips and technology through countries like the UAE, China, Iran, Turkey and Kazakhstan, which were acting as intermediaries.In total 1,600 individuals and companies were placed under sanctions since Russia's invasion of the Ukraine, including more than two dozen banks and 100 oligarchs, revealing the large scale economic connections between the UK and the Russian Federation.On 27 May 2022, Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov stated that extra revenues from the sale of natural gas in the amount of €13.7 billion will be used to increase pension funds for retired individuals and families with children, as well for "special operations" in Ukraine.[335] According to a report by Meduza, an independent publication produced in Latvia, citizens of the Russian Federation faced surging inflation and unemployment, expensive credit, capital controls, restricted travel, and shortages of goods.[343][344] In late July 2022, the IMF upgraded Russia's GDP estimate by 2.5%, but some economists see a long-term problem for the Russian economy, and explain its resilience only by a short-term increase of energy prices.Western economists see long-lasting costs to the Russian economy from the exit of large foreign firms and brain drain, while Russia claims it has replaced those entities with domestic investments.On 1 July 2022, Putin signed a decree to allow the government to seize the Sakhalin-2 oil and natural gas project but further attempts to formally nationalize the assets of international firms were paused when the bill did not make it through the State Duma before the 2022 summer recess.[348][349] In October 2022, the decree was approved, allowing a Russian state-run company to seize ExxonMobil's 30% stake in the Sakhalin-1 oil and gas project, and to decide whether foreign shareholders, including Japan's SODECO, can retain their participation.A year before, the state bank missed the repayment of Eurobonds due to the exclusion of Russia's financial institutions from the international payment system, although it was holding plenty of cash to fulfill its debt obligation.As non-Western insurance carriers have accounted for two thirds of all Russian maritime shipments, confirming earlier reports of such developments, the effects of oil industry-related sanctions were again much less severe than Western analyst had predicted.According to Russian sources, sanctions against Russia's aviation industry led to multiple safety incidences and malfunctions as spare parts and repair components could no longer be purchased.She additionally advocated in the short and intermediate term for "multiple choice solutions", including the use of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets, in order to facilitate commerce in a way that significantly counters the sanctions.The news agency Reuters stated at the time that Russia's previously "booming trade" with China, India, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and other countries had faced fundamental challenges given the tightening of Western backed efforts against organizations such as the Moscow Stock Exchange.During a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi, Putin confirmed Russia's willingness to make "a significant contribution to overcoming the food crisis through the export of grain and fertilizer" but mentioned Western sanctions as an obstacle.Later on 16 July, major news outlets reported that Kyiv is definitely a step closer to being able to export grain through its Black Sea ports after talks with Russia, facilitated by Turkey, and the United Nations.[410] On 22 July 2022, the facilitated exports of Ukrainian grain via the Black Sea amid the ongoing war has been described as "a beacon of hope" by the UN Secretary-General António Guterres during the signing ceremony in Istanbul, Turkey.[416] Since then a number of attempts were made to renew the Black Sea Grain Initiative, but at the same time, the war in Southern Ukraine had destroyed extensive amounts of food reserves destined for poorer regions in Africa.A few days earlier, UN Secretary-General António Guterres communicated with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov to implement "a set of concrete proposals" in order to revive the deal.
Countries on Russia's " Unfriendly Countries List ". Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined sanctions against Russia. [ 35 ]
Russia
Ukraine – closed its airspace to Russia in 2015
Countries that have banned Russian aircraft from their airspace in response to the invasion
International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian WarRussian invasion of UkrainesanctionsVladimir Putinbanned from using the SWIFT international payments systemboycotts of Russia and BelarusJoe BidenWestern countriesrecognised the independenceDonetskLuhansk People's RepublicsRussian Central Bankforeign-exchange reservesExxonMobilGeneral MotorsSwitzerlandSingaporeAlexander LukashenkoOlaf ScholzNord Stream 2 pipelinerenewableNATO extraordinary summit in BrusselsState DumaUN General AssemblyEmmanuel MacronCanadaRussian economyEuropean UnionRussian FederationBoycott of Russia and BelarusList of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian WarUnfriendly Countries ListTaiwanSerbiaMexicoBrazilCentral Bank of RussiaForeign Assets ControlRussian Direct Investment FundRussian Venture CompanyKirill DmitrievSergei AleksashenkoBruno Le MaireYermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions60 MinutesSharyn AlfonsiDaleep SinghDeputy National Security AdvisorRussian annexation of Crimea2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price capEmbargo of Russian oil during the Russo-Ukrainian WarEU natural gas price capGenevaGlencoreGunvorTrafiguraRosneftLukoilMagnitogorsk Iron and Steel WorksLuganoEuropean Commissionoil imports from RussiaViktor OrbánThe embargo on crude oil began in December 2022 and oil products in February 2023International Energy AgencyUrsula von der Leyenfossil fuelscap the price of Russian oilprice cap on Russian oilHungary2021/2022 energy crisisBlack Sea corridorPolandBulgariaRecep Tayyip ErdoğanTurkeyenergy hub for all of EuropeTurkStreamdiamondEuropeanAlexei MillerNaftogazTrans-Siberian Railwayaluminumcoppernickelelectric vehicle batteriescatalytic convertersnatural gas vehiclesBanking in RussiaBanking in SwitzerlandV.E.B.Boris JohnsonNord Stream 1natural gasBaltic SeaNord Stream 2Industrial and Commercial Bank of ChinaBank of ChinaIgnazio Cassispresident of the Swiss ConfederationSwiss neutralityMonacoSouth China Morning PostNuclear Suppliers GroupWassenaar ArrangementAustralia GroupMissile Technology Control RegimeBelarusianAleksandr Lukashenkoglobal banksdiamondspotashfertilizersnuclear plantsAmerican Bankers Associationoperational risksfinancial risksConfiscation of Russian central bank fundsdestruction of the Kakhovka DamGovernment of UkraineWorld BankUnited NationsKyiv School of EconomicsJosep Borrell