Constructed language
For example, if a naturalistic conlang is derived a posteriori from another language (real or constructed), it should imitate natural processes of phonological, lexical, and grammatical change.Constructed languages like Esperanto and Interlingua are in fact often simpler due to the typical lack of irregular verbs and other grammatical quirks.Grammatical speculation dates from Classical Antiquity; for instance, it appears in Plato's Cratylus in Hermogenes's contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to; that people apply "a piece of their own voice ... to the thing".[2] Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise, lost in the confusion of tongues.Ramon Llull's Ars Magna was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith.Renaissance interest in Ancient Egypt, notably the discovery of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, and first encounters with the Chinese script directed efforts towards a perfect written language.The 17th century saw the rise of projects for "philosophical" or "a priori" languages, such as: These early taxonomic conlangs produced systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression.Leibniz had a similar purpose for his lingua generalis of 1678, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect developing binary calculus.These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into "characters" or hierarchies, an idea that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the Encyclopédie.[21] Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an a priori language based on such a classification of concepts.Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve in the article on Langue wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of French.During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle (1903) reviewed 38 projects.The first of these that made any international impact was Volapük, proposed in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe.However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism, and by the mid-1890s it fell into obscurity, making way for Esperanto, proposed in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof, and its descendants.Interlingua, the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers, emerged in 1951, when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its Interlingua–English Dictionary and an accompanying grammar.The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones' Eurolengo, which mixes elements of English and Spanish.Artists may use language as a source of creativity in art, poetry, or calligraphy, or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalized world.[2] A Princess of Mars (1912) by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language.During the controversy, Marc Okrand, the language's original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount's claims of ownership were valid.Furthermore, comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as High Valyrian and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language-learning platform Duolingo—but those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders.Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang list are primarily men from North America and western Europe, with a smaller number from Oceania, Asia, the Middle East, and South America, with an age range from thirteen to over sixty; the number of women participating has increased over time.
language planningartificial languagesynthetic languagemailing listTower of Babellanguagephonologygrammarorthographyvocabularynaturallywork of fictionfictional languagecommunicationinternational auxiliary languagefictionlinguisticscognitive sciencemachine learningartistic creationrole-playing gameslanguage gamesworldbuildingEsperantoculturePrescriptive grammarsclassical languagesSanskritartistic languagesHungariancensusRomanidInterlinguaIdiom NeutralMundolincoRussianEsperantidoLatino sine flexioneinflectionsEsperantidosFrançois Rabelaisphonologicallexicalgrammaticalirregular verbsEngineered languagesphilosophical languagesexperimental languagesphilosophyAuxiliary languagesaestheticEthnologuewho speak Esperanto as a first languageKlingon Language Instituted'Armond SpeersKlingonModern HebrewHebrewMishnaic HebrewBiblical HebrewSephardicIsraelGhil'ad ZuckermannYiddishSapir–Whorf hypothesisSuzette Haden ElginLáadanfeminist science fictionNative Tonguestandardized testsGeorge OrwellNewspeakToki PonaSteven PinkerThe Language Instinctprogramming languagesBasic EnglishCodes for constructed languagesISO 639-2ISO 639LojbanLingua Franca NovaDothrakiHigh ValyrianGame of ThronesA Song of Ice and Firea prioriinternational auxiliary languagesphilosophicaltaxonomic languagesBalaibalanFazlallah AstarabadiMuhyi GulshaniSolresolFrançois SudreKenneth SearightKotavaIthkuilQuenyaSindarinJ. R. R. TolkienThe Lord of the RingsMarc OkrandStar TrekKēlenNaʼviPaul FrommerAvatarValyrianDavid PetersonKilikiMadhan KarkyBaahubaliYangkaalLardil peopleEskayanEskayaMedefaidrinIbibioPalawa kaniPalawaLouis Couturatcontrolled versionszonal auxiliary languagesalternate historyBrithenig