Kainantu–Goroka languages

The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands.They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established.The languages are:[1] The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows: The possessive forms are: Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2] Awa language: Tairora language: Fore language: Gende language: Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:[2] Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).[3] Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ya, yafa, yava for “tree”) or not (e.g. tuva, logo, hali for “fire”).
ISO 639 codeKainantuGorokaEastern Highlands ProvincePapua New GuineaLinguistic classificationTrans–New GuineaEastern Highlands – Kratke RangeISO 639-3GlottologfamilyPapuan languagesArthur CapellStephen WurmEast New Guinea HighlandsMalcolm RossWilliam A. FoleyYaweyuhaAlekanoAsaro RiverTokanoBenabenaKamonoKaniteInoke-YateYagariaKe’yaganaKenatiBinumarienTairoaGadsupAgarabiKambairaOweinaAwiyaanaKosenaUsarufaproto-Trans-New GuineaAwa languageTairora languageFore languageGende languageAuyanaTairoraEast New Guinea Highlands languagesRoss, MalcolmAndrew PawleyOntenuTrans–New Guinea languagesWest Trans–New Guinea languagesGrand Valley DaniSilimoWestern DaniPaniai LakesWolaniWest BomberaiTimor–Alor–PantarEast TimorFatalukuMakaleroMakasaeOirataRusenuAlor–PantarBlagarKamangSawilaWersingNedebangWestern PantarCentral and South New Guinea languagesAsmat–KamoroBuruwaiKamberauKamoroSempanGreater AwyuMandoboKombai–WanggomShiaxaWambonKomyandaretKorowaiTsaukamboOk–OksapminBurumakokKopkakaNinggerumYonggomFaiwolSetamanSugangaTelefolUrapminNgalumOksapminTangkoBayono–AwbonoBayonoAwbonoDensarKovojabKomolomKonerawMombumSomahaiMominaMomunaKutubuan languagesEast KutubuanFiwagaWest KutubuanNamumiChimbu–Wahgi languagesKandawoMaringChuaveNomaneSalt-YuiSinasinaKaguelTembaglaMadang languagesCroisillesMaianiWaskiaBepourMauwakeNumugenBilakuraParawenUkurigumaYarawataKowakiPamosuWanambreMabusoGirawaGumaluHansemanBagupiBaimakMatepiMosimoMurupiNobonobRaptingSamosaSarugaSilopiYoidikMindjimRai CoastYangulamBrahmanKesawaiSinsauruDanaruUriginaDuduelaArawumPulabuSouthern AdelbertAnamguraMoresadaWadaginamSogeramAtembleMagɨyiPaynamarSileibiYaganonGanglauYabongAmaimonBargamWasemboYambenFinisterre–Huon languagesFinisterreFinonganMunkipNakamaNumanggangNekginiNgaingWelikiWantoatTuma-IrumuAsaro'oBulgebiDegenanGwahatikeMuratayakBonkimanDomungNankinaYout WamMigabacMomareBorongKinalaknaKumokioSelepetSialumSoutheast Papuan languagesKoiarianGrass KoiariMountain KoiariKoitabuNamiaeKwaleanHumeneMulahaManubaranDoromuYarebanMoikodiAneme WakeBarijiNawaruYarebaMailuanBauwakiBinahariMorawaMapenaGinumanKanasiUmanakainaTurakaAnim languagesBaramuMakayamZimakaniMarind–YaqaiMarindInland GulfFoia FoiaHoia HoiaMubamiAngaatahaAnkaveHamtaiKamasaKawachaSafeyokaSimbariSusuamiTainaeYagwoiaAwin–PaBinandereanBarugaBinandereKorafeOrokaivaYekoraBosaviAimeleKaluliOnobasuluDuna–PogayaPogayaEast StricklandGobasiOdoodeeBisorioLembenaSamberigiGogodala–SukiGogodalaWarunaGoilalanTauadeBiangaiKunimaipaKayagaricAtohwaimKayagarTamagarioKiwaianKerewoMorigiWabodaKolopomKimaamaRiantanaTurama–KikorianMoraoriPapuan language familiesTrans-New GuineaOk-OksapminAsmat-KamoroMaroriGogodala-SukiTurama-KikoriAwin-PaMadangFinisterre-HuonChimbu-WahgiEnga-Kewa-HuliKutubuDuna-BogayaPapuan PeninsulaGreater BinandereanNusantaraTimor-Alor-PantarNorth HalmaheraTamboraBird's Head PeninsulaSouth Bird's HeadNuclear South Bird's HeadInanwatan–DuriankereKonda–YahadianEast Bird's HeadNuclear East Bird's HeadHatam–MansimWest Bird's HeadMaybratTanah MerahWestern New GuineaTor-KwerbaLakes PlainBorderEast Cenderawasih BayPauwasiNimboranSentaniMairasiLepki-MurkimSenagiTofanma-NamlaAbinomnBurmesoElsengKapauriKembraMassepBayono-AwbonoUhunduniTorricelliLower Sepik-RamuLower SepikKwomtariLeonhard SchultzeUpper YuatArafundiLeft MayAmto-MusanMarienbergArapeshMaimaiMonumboMiddle SepikNukumaYellow RiverYerakaiUpper SepikWogamusSepik HillLower RamuOttilienMisegianMiddle RamuTamolanAtaitanGulf of PapuaNew GuineaPahoturi RiverElemanOriomoTeberanDoso-TurumsaYelmek-MaklewDibiyasoKaki AeKamulaKaramiPawaiaPoromePurariBismarck ArchipelagoSolomon IslandsBainingNorth BougainvilleSouth BougainvilleCentral SolomonsButam-TaulilMakolkolRossel IslandYélî DnyeWest PapuanNorthwest PapuanSouth PauwasiEast PapuanSoutheast PapuanPapuan GulfBinanderean–GoilalanArai–SamaiaAsmat–MombumTrans-Fly–Bulaka RiverTrans-FlyDani–KwerbaEast Bird's Head – SentaniKwomtari–FasLeft May – KwomtariTor–Kwerba–NimboranWest Trans–New GuineaWest Papuan HighlandsCentral and South New GuineaCentral West New GuineaYele – West New BritainSepik–RamuIndo-PacificProto-languageProto-Trans–New GuineaLanguages of Papua New GuineaEnglishHiri MotuTok PisinPapua New Guinean Sign LanguageAdzeraAmanabAwad BingBugawacIatmulKuanuaMandaraMangsengMussau-EmiraNiwer MilNyindrouPele-AtaPetatsRamoaainaSeimatSolongSomba-SiawariTanggaUneapaChimbu–WahgiKaugelNew IrelandFanamaketKandasKonomalaPatpatarSursurungaWarwar FeniOrokoloToaripiTairumaDadibiFolopaFinisterre–HuonRamu–Lower SepikKailgeMount Avejaha