Globus pallidus

Imbalances can result tremors, jerks, dystonia, chorea and progressive motor weakness ending in diaphragmatic dysfunction, with the most common cause of mortality in most neurodegenerative disorders being aspiration pneumonia.Likewise, the globus pallidus is involved in the constant subtle regulation of movement that allows people to walk and engage in a wide variety of other activities with a minimal level of disruption.[9] (see primate basal ganglia#Pallidonigral set and pacemaker) The two parts receive successively a large quantity of GABAergic axonal terminal arborisations from the striatum through the dense striato-pallidonigral bundle.Infarction of the globus pallidus can be seen with anoxic brain injury, carbon monoxide poisoning and drug overdoses (MDMA and heroin), with the insult classically being bilateral.[10] Though damage to the globus pallidus can cause movement disorders, diseases like Parkinson's and essential tremor can paradoxically be treated by surgically inducing lesions in the nuclei using ultrasound, Gamma knife, or more rarely open surgery.The aim of these procedures is to reduce involuntary muscle tremors and improve extrapyramidal symptoms associated with neurodegeneration, though they can impact intellectual function and cause dysarthria.The link with the substantia nigra pars reticulata was stressed very early on due to the similarities in dendritic arborisation (and they are sometimes known as the pallidonigral set) but, in spite of strong evidence, this association remains controversial.
Transverse section of the globus pallidus from a structural MR image.
Transverse section of the globus pallidus from a structural MR image.
Microscopic image of the external globus pallidus (lower left of image) and putamen (upper right of image). H&E-LFB stain .
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia.
ROSTRAL: striatum , globus pallidus (GPe and GPi)
CAUDAL: subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra (SN)
Overview of the main circuits of the basal ganglia. Globus pallidus externa and interna are shown in green. Picture shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures, with + and – signs at the point of the arrows indicating, respectively, whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect. Green arrows refer to excitatory glutamatergic pathways, red arrows refer to inhibitory GABAergic pathways and turquoise arrows refer to dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.
Basal gangliaNeuroNamesNeuroLexAnatomical terms of neuroanatomysubcorticaltelencephalonsubthalamusdiencephalonextrapyramidal motor systemstriatumthalamussubstantia nigrasynaptologyintralaminar thalamic nucleiparvalbuminstriatopallidalmyelinatedstriatopallidonigral bundleMicroscopic imageH&E-LFB staininternal globus pallidusexternal globus pallidusventral pallidumsubstantia innominatanucleus accumbensolfactory tubercleprefrontal cortexpedunculopontine nucleustegmentaldystoniachoreaaspiration pneumoniapars compactapars reticulataGABAergicprimate basal ganglia systemsubthalamic nucleusglutamatergicdopaminergiccaudate nucleusputamenInfarctionanoxic brain injurycarbon monoxideheroinlentiformparenteral nutritioncirrhosisLeigh syndromegadoliniumcoppercalciumamyloidhypothyroidismClumps of disorganized nerve tissueneurofibromatosis type Imethylmalonic acidemiasmaple syrup urine diseasemovement disordersParkinson'sessential tremorsurgically inducing lesionsGamma knifedeep brain stimulationdysarthriaJoseph DejerineSantiago Ramón y CajalTerminologia Anatomicalentiform nucleusentopeduncular nucleusSurmeier, D.J.BrainMaps projecthuman brainGrey matterDorsal striatumVentral striatumAmygdalaClaustrumWhite matterCentrum semiovaleInternal capsuleAnterior limbPosterior limbOptic radiationCorona radiataExternal capsuleExtreme capsulePallidothalamic tractsThalamic fasciculusAnsa lenticularisLenticular fasciculusSubthalamic fasciculusRhinencephalonAnterior olfactory nucleusAnterior perforated substanceOlfactory bulbOlfactory tractMedial olfactory striaLateral olfactory striaOlfactory trigonebasal forebrainNucleus basalisNucleus of diagonal bandDiagonal band of BrocaStria terminalisArchicortexHippocampal formationHippocampus anatomyHippocampus properDentate gyrusFascia dentataSubiculumAlveusFimbriaPerforant pathSchaffer collateral