Malocclusion
In orthodontics, a malocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the upper and lower dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close.The English-language term dates from 1864;[1] Edward Angle (1855–1930), the "father of modern orthodontics",[2][3][need quotation to verify] popularised it.Those who have more severe malocclusions, which present as a part of craniofacial anomalies, may require orthodontic and sometimes surgical treatment (orthognathic surgery) to correct the problem.The ultimate goal of orthodontic treatment is to achieve a stable, functional and aesthetic alignment of teeth which serves to better the patient's dental and total health.[citation needed] Depending on the sagittal relations of teeth and jaws, malocclusions can be divided mainly into three types according to Angle's classification system published 1899.[27] An open bite is a condition characterised by a complete lack of overlap and occlusion between the upper and lower incisors.[citation needed] Well-known modifications to Angle's classification date back to Martin Dewey (1915) and Benno Lischer (1912, 1933).Ill-fitting dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or braces as well as misalignment of jaw fractures after a severe injury are also known to cause crowding.[26] Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond age three, and prolonged use of a bottle have also been identified.The mandible underwent a complex shape changes not matched by the teeth, leading to incongruity between the dental and mandibular form.In mild class III cases, the patient is quite accepting of the aesthetics and the situation is monitored to observe the progression of skeletal growth.[55] One treatment option is the use of growth modification appliances such as the Chin Cap which has greatly improved the skeletal framework in the initial stages.However, majority of cases are shown to relapse into inherited class III malocclusion during the pubertal growth stage and when the appliance is removed after treatment.[55] Another approach is to carry out orthognathic surgery, such as a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) which is indicated by horizontal mandibular excess.Although the most common surgery of the mandible, it comes with several complications including: bleeding from inferior alveolar artery, unfavorable splits, condylar resorption, avascular necrosis and worsening of temporomandibular joint.Due to limitations of orthodontics, this option is more viable for patients who are not as concerned about the aesthetics of their facial appearance and are happy to address the malocclusion only, as well as avoiding the risks which come with orthognathic surgery.Cephalometric data can aid in the differentiation between the cases that benefit from ortho-surgical or orthodontic treatment only (camouflage); for instance, examining a large group of orthognathic patient with Class III malocclusions they had average ANB angle of -3.57° (95% CI, -3.92° to -3.21°).Identifying the presence of tooth size discrepancies between the maxillary and mandibular arches is an important component of correct orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.Inter-arch tooth size discrepancy (ITSD) is defined as a disproportion in the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth of opposing dental arches.Bolton developed a method to calculate the ratio between the mesiodistal width of maxillary and mandibular teeth and stated that a correct and harmonious occlusion is possible only with adequate proportionality of tooth sizes.[62][61][63] It has been reported that patients with micrognathia are also affected by retrognathia (abnormal posterior positioning of the mandible or maxilla relative to the facial structure).
Deep Bight, Newfoundland and LabradorSpecialtyDentistryorthodonticsdental archesEdward Angleocclusionmaxillary first molarmandibular first molarSkhul and Qafzeh hominin fossilsmuscles of masticationmouth breathingcleft lip and cleft palatefinger suckingtongue thrustingskeletalgrowthmouthbreathingthumb suckingonychophagiadermatophagiadeglutitionotitis mediaDental cariesperiapical inflammationdeciduous teethteeth eruptionscraniofacial anomaliesorthodonticorthognathic surgeryoverjetmasticationlabiallycaninesmesiobuccal cuspbuccal grooveretrognathismprognathismanterior crossbitetwo dimensionssagittal planedescriptiveaetiologyMartin DeweyBenno LischerJacob A. SalzmannWilliam R. Proffitprocessed foodstooth extractionclear alignersdental bracesOpen bite malocclusionCrossbiteElasticsFacemask (orthodontics)Maximum intercuspationOcclusion (dentistry)Oxford English DictionaryOxford University PressBibcodeElsevierPeter S. UngarScientific AmericanBolton analysisCephalometric analysisCephalometryDentition analysisFailure of eruption of teethLittle's Irregularity IndexScissor biteStandard anatomical positionTooth ankylosisTongue thrustOverbiteOpen biteMaxillary hypoplasiaCondylar hyperplasiaOvereruptionACCO applianceArchwireActivator applianceBracesDamon systemFrankel applianceInvisalignLingual archLip bumperHerbst ApplianceList of orthodontic functional appliancesList of palatal expandersLingual bracesHeadgearOrthodontic technologyOrthodontic spacerPalatal lift prosthesisPalatal expanderQuad helixRetainerSureSmileSelf-ligating bracesSplint activatorTwin Block ApplianceAnchorage (orthodontics)FiberotomyInterproximal reductionIntrusion (orthodontics)Molar distalizationSerial extractionBeta-titaniumNickel titaniumStainless steelElgiloyCeramicCompositeSpencer AtkinsonClifford BallardRaymond BeggHans Peter BimlerSamir BisharaArne BjörkCharles B. BoltonHolly Broadbent Sr.Allan G. BrodieCharles J. BurstonePeter BuschangCalvin Case