György Dózsa
The rebellion was suppressed, and Dózsa captured, tortured, and executed by being seated on a throne (itself smouldering according to legend), crowned with red-hot iron, devoured alive by his followers under duress, and then quartered.Contemporary sources attest that Dózsa's father had had four sons; besides György and Gergely, they have been names as János (John), Lukács (Lukas), and Menyhért (Melchior).[8] If the 1507 court document about Georgius Dosa Siculus de Makfalva indeed refers to Dózsa, he committed a violent robbery at a market in Medgyes (today Mediaș, Romania) that year, killing multiple merchants.[4] Family tradition recounted by Márki holds that Dózsa was a 'tall, strong' man with curly brown hair and of exceptional physical strength, but there are no contemporaneous depictions or descriptions of him.In the popular account, the two men first fought with spears then with swords on a field outside the castle of Nándorfehérvár, and Dózsa cut off Ali's armour-covered right hand 'in one [piece]'.Although there is no decisive proof of how the duel exactly happened, it seems to have been considered important: King Vladislaus rewarded Dózsa with a noble title, a village, and a coat of arms.The court feared that Dózsa could open Nándorfehérvár to the enemy, and bought his loyalty with two hundred gold coins and two horses in golden and silver tacks.Based on the crimson robes embroidered with gold and golden chain given to him, Márki claims that Dózsa was rewarded above the level of simple knighthood and could have hoped for a career at the royal court.[12] Among the leading barons of the country, there was a debate about the wisdom of launching a crusade: Bakócz argued that Hungary needed to exploit the internal strife of the Ottoman Empire for its own protection and go against them with as large an army as possible, considering that foreign aid was unlikely.Superiors were concerned with a tendency of monks to question authority on the basis that they only owed obedience to God,[15] and with young friars giving lengthy speeches based on scriptures instead of repeating conventional interpretations.[17] Early religious reform ideologies, especially the teachings of Jan Hus, had been present in Hungary for decades, and many of the volunteers had social and political goals in mind when joining the crusade.Tensions reached the point of open revolt before 15 May 1514, but on the 20th at the latest, and Bakócz was warned some days before the 15th about attacks against manor houses and the possibility of a widespread uprising.The chronicler gives the explanation that Dózsa in fact wanted to use the peasant army to take vengeance on the lords for withholding two hundred gold coins of rewards from him.More recent scholarship suggests that at this early time, a man named Menyhért was in charge, Dózsa only taking control when the displeased peasants became violent.[22] Within a few weeks, Dózsa had gathered an army of some 40,000 so-called hajdú[citation needed], consisting for the most part of peasants, wandering students, friars, and parish priests - some of the lowest-ranking groups of medieval society.As harvest-time approached, the landlords commanded them to return to reap the fields, and, on their refusal to do so, proceeded to maltreat their wives and families and set their armed retainers upon the local peasantry.Based on the research of professor Sándor Márki, Dózsa and his co-elected senior fellows wanted to reform the church and the political system fundamentally.[36] With their help, Dózsa effectively threatened to excommunicate the religiously minded peasant soldiers in his army if they betrayed their "holy crusader movement" and their "just" social goals.[37] I, George Dózsa, the mighty champion valiant, head and captain of the blessed people of the Crusaders, only King of Hungary - but not subject of the Lords - individually and collectively send you our greetings!The rebellion spread quickly, principally in the central or purely Magyar provinces, where hundreds of manor houses and castles were burnt and thousands of the lower untitled gentry noblemen were killed by impalement, crucifixion, and other methods.By this time, the uprising had attained the dimensions of a revolution; all the vassals of the kingdom were called out against it, and soldiers of fortune were hired in haste from the Republic of Venice, Bohemia, and the Holy Roman Empire.[23] As his suppression had become a political necessity, Dózsa was routed at Temesvár (today Timișoara, Romania) on 15 July 1514 by an army of 20,000[38] led by John Zápolya and Stephen Báthory.The resulting Tripartitum elaborated the old rights of peasants, but also greatly enhanced the status of lesser nobility (gentry), erecting an iron curtain between Hungarians until 1848 when serfdom was abolished.Today, on the site of the martyrdom of the hot throne, there is the Virgin Mary Monument, built by architect László Székely and sculptor György Kiss.
György Dózsa (opera)Gheorghe Doja (disambiguation)personal nameDálnokTransylvaniaKingdom of HungaryTemesvárTortureRomanianSzékelyman-at-armspeasants' revoltlanded nobilityVladislaus II of Hungarylegendprimary sourcesRomaniaMakfalvaMarosszékban of CroatiaTransylvanian SaxonscensusJohn ZápolyailliterateMatthias CorvinuspeasantsWar of the Hungarian SuccessionJohn CorvinusMaximilian IJagiellonian dynastyJohn AlbertVladislausVoivodeBáthoryrobberymarketMedgyesmerchantsOttomanNándorfehérvárSerbiacavalrycaptainspahisSzendrőEpeirosswordsmanViktor Madarászspearsswordsarmourcoat of armstreasurertax collectorgold coinsBishop of CsanádCardinalTamás BakóczArchbishop of EsztergomknightedPope Leo XOttomanscrusadeholy wartraitorsfortressesbaronsOttoman EmpireagriculturebanderiumstithesFranciscanfriarsfeudalsocial equalityscripturesapocalypticabbotsreligious reformJan Husmanor housesvolunteersmercenaryhajdústudentsparishcountieslandlordsretainersGreat Hungarian PlainMezőtúrFranciscan friarsGyula DerkovitsUpper HungaryMagyarcastlesgentryjacquerierevolutionvassalsRepublic of VeniceBohemiaHoly Roman EmpireCsanádimpalingbishopcastellanparoleVilágoscannonsheavy cavalrynihilisticTimișoaraStephen Báthoryswallow the flesh1526 Ottoman invasionHungarian DietIstván WerbőczyTripartitumserfdompeasant uprising in CroatiaAmbroz GubecVirgin Mary MonumentFerenc ErkelDózsa GyörgyCommunist