Concurrent jurisdiction
[1] Concurrent jurisdiction also exists to the extent that the United States Constitution permits federal courts to hear actions that can also be heard by state courts.For example, when a party from Alabama sues a party from Florida for a breach of contract, the Alabama party can sue in an Alabama state court to the extent the defendant submits to jurisdiction, or federal court (under federal diversity jurisdiction), or in the state court located in Florida (under its personal jurisdiction over the defendant).Concurrent jurisdiction in the United States can also exist between different levels of state courts, and between courts and other government agencies with judicial powers.Title 28 of the United States Code, sections 1331 & 1332 give federal courts concurrent jurisdiction with the state courts over federal question and diversity cases.In the Middle Ages, the Church expanded its jurisdiction in many areas of Europe widely beyond the original scope of ecclesiastical courts concerning spiritual or religious matters, thereby creating concurrent jurisdiction in many civil cases with the courts instituted by secular authorities.