Teochew Min
[6] Historically, the Teochew[iv] prefecture included modern prefecture-level cities of Chaozhou, Jieyang and Shantou.[8] In particular, the Teochew people settled in significant numbers in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, where they form the largest Chinese sub-language group.[9] Additionally, there are many Teochew-speakers among Chinese communities in Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia (especially in the states of Johor, Malacca, Penang, Kedah and Selangor with significant minorities in Sarawak) and Indonesia (especially in West Kalimantan).Waves of migration from Teochew region to Hong Kong, especially after the communist victory of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, has also resulted in the formation of a community there, although most descendants now primarily speak Cantonese and English as a result of colonialism and assimilation to the dominant Cantonese culture.[10] Teochew speakers are also found among overseas Chinese communities in Japan and the Western world (notably in the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, France and Italy), a result of both direct emigration from the Chaoshan region to these nations and also secondary emigration from Southeast Asia.Hai Lok Hong and Eastern Namoa dialects have /i/ or /u/ instead, depending on the etymology of the word (hî 魚 hi5, but sū 事 su7), similarly to the Chiangchew Hokkien.The earliest known work is a 1566 edition of the Tale of the Lychee Mirror, a folk drama written in a mixture of Teochew and Chinchew Hokkien.After the Xinhai revolution, only written Mandarin was supported by the government, while speakers of other Sinitic languages, including Teochew, remaining largely illiterate in their own tongues.In Southern dialects of Teochew, labial initials (/p/, /pʰ/, /b/, /m/) have labiodental allophones ([pf], [pfʰ], [bv], [mv~ɱ]) before /-u-/.Apart from the aforementioned rhymes, there are a few limitedly used finals with both glottal stop and nazalization, usually found in ideophones and interjections, e.g. he̍hⁿ 嚇 /hẽʔ˥˦/ "agitated; confused", hauhⁿ 殽 /hãũʔ˧˨/ "to eat in large bites", khuàhⁿ-ua̍hⁿ 快活 /kʰũãʔ˨˩˨꜒꜔.ũãʔ˥˦/ "comfortable".Based on their tones, the Southern Teochew dialects can be divided into two broad areas: Teoyeo and Hui-Pou.[21] but: The grammar of Teochew is similar to other Min languages, as well as some southern varieties of Chinese, especially with Hakka, Yue and Wu.As a general rule, the possessive pronouns or adjectives are formed by adding the genitive or possessive marker kâi 個 gai5 to their respective personal pronouns, as summarized below: 本púngbung2CL-books書tsṳze1book是sĭsi6be我uáua2I個。kâigai5POS本 書 是 我 個。púng tsṳ sĭ uá kâibung2 ze1 si6 ua2 gai5CL-books book be I POS"The book is mine.The basic determiners are tsí 只 zi2 "this" and hṳ́ 許 he2 "that", and they require at least a classifier (generic kâi 個 gai5, collective tshoh 撮 coh4, or another), which can be optionally preceded by a numeral.Generally, vernacular variants are used, and literary readings are limited to certain set compounds and idioms, e.g.: Sam-kok 三國, ngóu-kim 五金, kiú-siau 九霄, ngóu-tsháiⁿ-phiang-hung 五彩繽紛, sam-sṳ-jṳ̂-kiâⁿ 三思而行, kiú-liû-sam-kàu 九流三教, etc.However, literary forms of 一 and 二 are more commonly used, particularly in the following cases: In Teochew passive construction, the agent phrase by somebody always has to be present, and is introduced by the preposition khṳh 乞 keh4 or pung 分 bung1, both literally meaning "to give"."The agent phrase pung nâng 分儂 bung1 nang5 always comes immediately after the subject, not at the end of the sentence or between the auxiliary and the past participle like in some European languages (e.g. German, Dutch).她tā比較bǐjiào漂亮piàoliang她 {比較} 漂亮tā bǐjiào piàoliang佢keoi5靚leng3啲di1佢 靚 啲keoi5 leng3 di1There are two words which are intrinsically comparative in meaning, i.e. iâⁿ 贏 ian5 "to win" and su 輸 su1 "to lose".Although Teochew and Hokkien share some cognates, there are pronounced differences in most vowels with some consonant and tone shifts.[citation needed] In Hokkien, denasalization of initial consonants is extensive, and sounds [m], [n], [ng] are usually viewed as allophones of /b/, /l~d/, /g/ used with nasalized rhymes.The character 安 has both literary reading (Teochew ang, Hokkien an) and vernacular reading (both uaⁿ), the latter more commonly used in Teochew (安全 uaⁿ-tshuâng, 安心 uaⁿ-sim, 安穩 uaⁿ-úng, 治安 tī-uaⁿ, etc), while being rare in Hokkien (used in a few place names: 同安 Tâng-uaⁿ, 南安 Lâm-uaⁿ, 惠安 Hūi-uaⁿ).
Northern Teochew
Southern Teochew
Hai Lok Hong Min
(sometimes included in Teochew)
Hokkien
-Teochew transitional dialects
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