Battle of Changi (1603)
This rivalry primarily revolved around their economic and colonial interests, particularly in the lucrative spice trade of Southeast Asia, and in many other parts of the world.As a consequence, the Portuguese decided to undertake a punitive expedition against the Johoreans, who were seen as allies of the Dutch during the incident.The Dutch targeted the Portuguese flagship, Todos os Santos, damaging its sails and hindering its maneuverability.The remaining Portuguese ships chose to retreat and regroup off the northern coast of Batam.The ruling family of Johor observed the battle from their galleys, as well as from the Dutch flagship.