al-Qalqashandi
Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Abbās Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Fazārī al-Shāfiʿī[1] better known by the epithet al-Qalqashandī (Arabic: شهاب الدين أحمد بن علي بن أحمد القلقشندي; 1355 or 1356 – 1418), was a medieval Egyptian encyclopedist, polymath and mathematician.A native of the Nile Delta, he became a Scribe of the Scroll (Katib al-Darj), or clerk of the Mamluk chancery in Cairo, Egypt.Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá fī Ṣināʿat al-Inshāʾ ('The Dawn of the Blind' or 'Daybreak for the Night-Blind regarding the Composition of Chancery Documents'); a fourteen-volume encyclopedia completed in 1412, is an administrative manual on geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement.Based on the Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣar of Shihab al-Umari,[2] it has been called "one of the final expressions of the genre of Arabic administrative literature".Al-Qalqashandi quoted the text relevant to cryptology from the work of Ibn al-Durayhim (1312–1361) that was once considered lost.
Nile Deltaal-FazārīepithetArabicEgyptianencyclopedistpolymathmathematicianMamlukmagnum opusShihab al-UmariDavid Kahnpolyalphabetic cipherplaintextcryptanalysisletter frequenciesIbn al-Durayhimal-KindiStarkey, PaulHarvard University PressBosworth, C. E.van Donzel, E.Lewis, B.Pellat, Ch.Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlīFerdinand WüstenfeldQalqashandī Aḥmad ibn ʻAlīWikisourceInternational Journal of Middle East StudiesMathematics in the medieval Islamic world'Abd al-Hamīd ibn TurkSanad ibn Alial-JawharīAl-Ḥajjāj ibn YūsufQusta ibn LuqaAl-Mahanial-DinawariBanū Mūsā brothersHunayn ibn IshaqAl-KhwarizmiYusuf al-KhuriIshaq ibn HunaynNa'im ibn MusaThābit ibn Qurraal-MarwaziAbu Said GorganiAbu al-Wafaal-KhazinAl-QabisiAbu KamilAhmad ibn YusufAṣ-ṢaidanānīSinān ibn al-Fatḥal-KhojandiAl-NayriziAl-SaghaniBrethren of PurityIbn SahlIbn Yunusal-UqlidisiAl-BattaniSinan ibn ThabitIbrahim ibn SinanAl-IsfahaniNazif ibn Yumnal-QūhīAbu al-JudAl-SijziAl-Karajial-Majritial-JabaliAbu Nasr MansurAlhazenKushyar GilaniAl-BiruniIbn al-SamhAbu Mansur al-BaghdadiAvicennaal-Jayyānī al-Nasawīal-Zarqālī ibn HudAl-IsfizariOmar KhayyamMuhammad al-BaghdadiJabir ibn AflahAl-KharaqīAl-KhaziniAl-Samawal al-Maghribial-HassarSharaf al-Din al-TusiIbn al-YasaminIbn al‐Ha'im al‐IshbiliAhmad al-BuniIbn MunimAlam al-Din al-HanafiIbn Adlanal-UrdiNasir al-Din al-Tusial-AbhariMuhyi al-Din al-Maghribial-Hasan al-MarrakushiQutb al-Din al-ShiraziShams al-Din al-SamarqandiIbn al-Banna'Kamāl al-Dīn al-FārisīNizam al-Din al-NisapuriIbn al-ShatirAl-Khalilial-UmawiIbn al-Majdial-Rūmīal-KāshīUlugh BegAli Qushjial-Wafa'ial-QalaṣādīSibt al-MaridiniIbn Ghazi al-MiknasiAl-BirjandiMuhammad Baqir YazdiTaqi ad-DinIbn Hamza al-MaghribiThe Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and BalancingDe GradibusPrinciples of Hindu Reckoning