Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
His authority was limited to military and religious affairs, with the provincial treasury headed by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman, who restricted Yazid's lavish expenditures.In 716, he led months-long military campaigns to conquer the Iranian principalities of the southern Caspian coast, which had eluded previous Arab armies.He established himself in his family's stronghold of Basra, one of Iraq's chief capitals and garrisons, whereupon he declared holy war against the Umayyads and the Syrian troops on which their power rested.He gained a wide following in Basra and Iraq's other chief garrison, Kufa, with support across the tribal spectrum and among the religious and non-Arab (mawali) elements of the population.[11] When the revolt was suppressed by al-Hajjaj and his Syrian reinforcements, who were the military mainstay of the Umayyad caliphs, Yazid intercepted rebels who had escaped into Khurasan from Iraq.Taking a partisan approach to the rebels, he released those affiliated with the Yaman tribal-political faction to which his Azd tribe belonged, while sending those of the rival Qays–Mudar to al-Hajjaj for punishment.Al-Hajjaj was wary of Yazid due to his and his Muhallabid family's prestige and their power base among the Azd tribesmen, who were a major component of the troops in Basra and Khurasan.[23] Yazid was wary of inviting the Iraqis' ire by emulating the stringent taxation policy of al-Hajjaj but also of falling short in revenue if he relaxed collections.[25] Bosworth comments that in Khurasan, distant from the caliphal center of power and with the solid backing of the Azdi soldiers, Yazid "could discriminate against the Tamim and other North Arab tribes and could engage in financial malpractices".[32] He appointed his brothers Habib, Marwan, Mudrik and Ziyad as the respective subgovernors of Sind, Basra, Sijistan, and Oman, while his son Mukhallad governed Khurasan in Yazid's absence.According to the historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "there is no doubt that Yazīd wanted to emulate him and show that he could lead armies against the unbelievers and reward them with abundant booty".In another version, the leader of Dihistan had retired to a small fortified island in the Caspian and made terms with Yazid, involving significant tribute, after a six-month siege.[39] Next, Yazid moved on Tabaristan, whose defenders had historically driven back attempts by Arab Muslim armies to enter the narrow passes of the mountains protecting their homeland.Spurred on by Farrukhan's victory, the people of Jurjan revolted against the small Arab garrison left there and Yazid's army came close to becoming surrounded and annihilated.[54] Tribal factionalism was not a decisive factor in Yazid's recruitment: though many of the Azd backed him, several opposed his bid and he gained no support from the Yaman in Syria, while many Mudari soldiers in Basra and elsewhere in Iraq joined him.Most of the pious Qur'an readers and the mawālī (non-Arab Muslim converts) of Basra supported Yazid's cause, with the exception of the prominent scholar al-Hasan al-Basri.[56] In the summer, he gained the support of Basra's dependencies, namely Ahwaz, Fars and Kerman,[57] though not Khurasan, where Mudari troops counterbalanced the pro-Muhallabid Yamani faction in the province's garrisons.[58] Yazid then advanced toward Kufa, where he attracted support across the tribal spectrum and among many of its noble Arab households, including from the families of al-Ash'ath and Malik al-Ashtar.[67] Numerous fugitives from Yazid's army fled in different directions, with the Muhallabids and some of the Kufan noblemen escaping first to Basra and from there taking boats to Kerman and ultimately to Qandabil in Sind.[72] According to Wellhausen, "the proscription of the whole of the prominent and powerful [Muhallabid] family, a measure hitherto unheard of in the history of the Umaiyids [sic], came like a declaration of war against the Yemen [faction] in general, and the corollary was that the government was degenerating into a Qaisite party-rule".[52] The Yamani tribes of Khurasan viewed the events as a humiliation and during the Abbasid Revolution which toppled the Umayyads in 750 they adopted as one of their slogans "revenge for the Banu Muhallab [Muhallabids]".
KhurasanAbd al-MalikAl-Muhallab ibn Abi SufraAl-Mufaddal ibn al-MuhallabUmayyad governor of IraqSulaymanYazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-SaksakiAl-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-HakamiAdi ibn Artat al-FazariBabylonRidda WarsFirst FitnaSecond FitnaRevolt of Ibn al-Ash'athRevolt of al-AshdaqRevolt of Harith b. SurayjRevolt of Zayd b. AliBerber RevoltYahya ibn ZaydThird FitnaIbadi revoltAbbasid RevolutionZab RiverRevolt of Muhammad the Pure SoulBattle of FakhkhQays–Yaman war (793–796)Fourth FitnaAbu'l-SarayaEast AfricaBashmurian revoltsAnarchy at SamarraFifth FitnaKharijite Rebellion (866–896)Zanj RebellionArabicromanizedUmayyad Caliphateal-Hajjaj ibn YusufUmayyadSulayman ibn Abd al-MalikPalestinecaliphgovernor of IraqSalih ibn Abd al-RahmanIranianCaspianFarrukhan the GreatUmar IIYazid IIgarrisonsholy warSyrianmawaliMaslama ibn Abd al-MalikMuhallabidArab garrison townsPersianearly Muslim conquestsUthmanSijistanMu'awiya ISecond Muslim Civil WarAbd Allah ibn al-ZubayrMus'abAzariqaKharijitesUmayyads regained control of IraqOxus RiverTransoxianaal-Mada'iniBadghisHephtaliteIbn al-Ash'athrevolt was suppressedMartin HindsQutayba ibn MuslimKermanshurtaal-Walid IDamascusIbn KathirJulius WellhausenAbd al-Aziz ibn al-WalidYazid ibn Abi MuslimC. E. BosworthBedouinAbd al-QaysRabi'aGerald HawtingMuhammad ibn al-QasimTabaristanJurjanDaylamHugh N. KennedyunbelieversCaspian SeaAlborz MountainsDihistandihqanGonbad-e KavusAbbasidsdirhamsKhalid Yahya BlankinshipAleppoAhl al-AliyaJaziraQur'anmawālīal-Hasan al-Basrial-Ash'athMalik al-Ashtaral-Abbas ibn al-WalidEuphrates RiverMurji'iteBattle of SiffinQandabilZubayridUmar ibn Hubayra al-FazariBahraynBlankinship, Khalid YahyaBosworth, C. E.Crone, Patriciavan Donzel, E.Heinrichs, W. P.Pellat, Ch.Lecomte, G.