Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
[2] Planning to go to England, where he expected to meet other pious people like the Frelinghuysens, Gronniosaw travelled to the Caribbean, where he enlisted as a cook with a privateer, and later as a soldier in the 28th Regiment of Foot[4] to earn money for the journey.There, they were saved from starvation by Osgood Hanbury (a Quaker lawyer and grandfather of the abolitionist Fowell Buxton), who employed Gronniosaw in building work.On 3 January 1772, he responded by thanking her for her 'favour', which arrived 'at a time of great necessity', and explained that he had just returned from 'Mrs Marlowe's' in nearby Leominster, 'were I was shewed kindness to from my Christian friends'.[3] Shortly after he arrived in Kidderminster, Gronniosaw began work on his life story with the help of an amanuensis from Leominster, possibly the 'Mrs Marlowe' he had mentioned in his letter to Hastings.The article, from 2 October 1775, reads:On Thursday [28 September] died, in this city, aged 70, James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, of Zaara.The preface was written by the Reverend Walter Shirley, cousin to Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, who was a patron of the Calvinist wing of Methodism.In his account, Gronniosaw referred to his "white-skinned sister," said that he had been willing to leave Africa because his family believed in many deities instead of one almighty God (which he learned more about under Christianity), and suggested that he became happier as he assimilated to white English society, through clothing but mostly via language.In addition, he stated a black servant at his enslaver's house named Old Ned was the first person to inform him of the Devil, who lives in Hell and punishes the wicked.
Bornu EmpireChester, Englandenslavedslave narrativeNigeriaGold CoastBarbadosNew YorkDutch Reformed ChurchTheodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysenprivateer28th Regiment of FootMartiniqueFowell BuxtonNorwichQuakerKidderminsterBenjamin FawcettDissenting ministerSelina Hastings, Countess of HuntingdonCalvinistic MethodismLeominsteramanuensisChester Chronicleburial registerChurch of England parish churchChester CathedralForced labourslaveryContemporaryChild LabourChild soldiersConscriptionForced marriageBride buyingChild marriageWife sellingForced prostitutionHuman traffickingInvoluntary servitudePeonagePenal labourContemporary Africa21st-century jihadismSexual slaveryWage slaveryHistoricalAntiquityGreeceMedieval EuropeAncillaeBlack Sea slave tradeByzantine EmpireKholopPrague slave tradeHistoryIn RussiaEmancipationThrallGenoese slave tradeVenetian slave tradeBalkan slave tradeMuslim worldSlavery in the Abbasid CaliphateSlavery in al-AndalusContract of manumissionBukhara slave tradeCrimean slave tradeKhazar slave tradeKhivan slave tradeOttoman EmpireAvret PazarlarıBarbary Coastslave tradepiratesSack of BaltimoreSlave raid of SuðuroyTurkish AbductionsConcubinageMa malakat aymanukumAbbasid haremOttoman Imperial HaremSafavid imperial haremQajar haremCariyeOdalisqueUmm al-waladCircassian slave tradeSaqalibaSlavery in the Rashidun CaliphateSlavery in the Umayyad CaliphateVolga Bulgarian slave trade21st centuryAtlantic slave tradeBristolBrazilMiddle PassageNantesNew FrancePanyarringSpanish EmpireSlave CoastThirteen coloniesGhilmanMamlukDevshirmeBlackbirdingCoolieCorvée labourField slaves in the United StatesTreatmentHouse slavesSlave marketSlave raidingWhite slaveryGalley slaveImpressmentShanghaiingSlave shipSub-Saharan AfricaTrans-Saharan slave tradeRed Sea slave tradeIndian Ocean slave tradeZanzibar slave tradeAngolaComoros