Caddisfly
The aquatic larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats such as streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, spring seeps and temporary waters (vernal pools), and even the ocean.[1][2][3] The larvae of many species use silk to make protective cases, which are often strengthened with gravel, sand, twigs, bitten-off pieces of plants, or other debris.The larvae exhibit various feeding strategies, with different species being predators, leaf shredders, algal grazers, or collectors of particles from the water column and benthos.In art, the French artist Hubert Duprat has created works by providing caddis larvae with small grains of gold and precious stones for them to build into decorative cases.The term cadyss was being used in the fifteenth century for silk or cotton cloth, and "cadice-men" were itinerant vendors of such materials, but a connection between these words and the insects has not been established.[7] The finding of fossils resembling caddisfly larval cases in marine deposits in Brazil may push back the origins of the order to the Early Permian period.[7] The ancestors of all these groups were terrestrial, with open tracheal systems, convergently evolving different types of gills for their aquatic larvae as they took to the water to avoid predation.[10] The larvae of Annulipalpians are campodeiform (free-living, well sclerotized, long legged predators with dorso-ventrally flattened bodies and protruding mouthparts).The larvae of Integripalpians are polypod (poorly sclerotized detritivores, with abdominal prolegs in addition to thoracic legs, living permanently in tight-fitting cases).[4] The cladogram of external relationships, based on molecular analysis, shows the order as a clade, sister to the Lepidoptera, and more distantly related to the Diptera (true flies) and Mecoptera (scorpionflies).[11] Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps) Coleoptera (beetles) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) Neuroptera (Lacewings and allies) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Trichoptera (caddisflies) Diptera Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) The cladogram of relationships within the order is based on a 2002 molecular phylogeny using ribosomal RNA, a nuclear elongation factor gene, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase.The predatory species either actively hunt their prey, typically other insects, tiny crustaceans and worms, or lie in wait for unwary invertebrates to come too close.These larvae eat detritus, largely decaying vegetable material, and the dead leaf fragments on which they feed tend to accumulate in hollows, in slow-moving sections of streams and behind stones and tree roots.[22] The case is a tubular structure made of silk, secreted from salivary glands near the mouth of the larva, and is started soon after the egg hatches.The materials used include grains of sand, larger fragments of rock, bark, sticks, leaves, seeds and mollusc shells.Members of the Psychomyiidae, Ecnomidae and Xiphocentronidae families construct simple tubes of sand and other particles held together by silk and anchored to the bottom, and feed on the accumulations of silt formed when suspended material is deposited.[23] More complex tubes, short and flattened, are built by Polycentropodidae larvae in hollows in rocks or other submerged objects, sometimes with strands of silk suspended across the nearby surface.These larvae are carnivorous, resembling spiders in their feeding habits and rushing out of their retreat to attack any unwary small prey crawling across the surface.There is a constant drift of invertebrates washed downstream by the current, and these animals, and bits of debris, accumulate in the nets which serve both as food traps and as retreats.
PreꞒScientific classificationEukaryotaAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaAmphiesmenopteraAnnulipalpiaHydropsychoideaPhilopotamoideaIntegripalpiaLeptoceroideaLimnephiloideaPhryganeoideaSericostomatoideaTasimioideaSpicipalpiaHydroptiloideaRhyacophiloideainsectsmolecular analysismonophyleticLepidopteralarvaevernal poolsbenthosfly fishingHelicopsycheHydropsychebioindicatorswater pollutionHubert DupratIzaak WaltonThe Compleat AnglerEoceneBaltic amberFossilTriassicEarly Permiandragonfliesmayfliesstonefliesalderflieslacewingsconvergently evolvingwing venationgenitaliacladogramsisterDipteraMecopteraHolometabolaHymenopteraAparaglossataNeuropteroideaColeopteridaColeopteraStrepsipteraNeuropteridaRaphidiopteraMegalopteraNeuropteraPanorpidaSiphonapteraparaphyleticEnoicyla pusillaLimnephilidaeWorcestershireoakwoodsperiphytonLeptoceridaeSericostomatidaeecological functional groupsfood webdetritusLimnephilus flavicornisPsychomyiidaeEcnomidaeXiphocentronidaePolycentropodidaeturtlesPhilopotamidaemicroflorasclerotisedinstarsexuviaeantennaeaquaticfishing flyJohn Curtisanglersfishing fliesMystacidesSericostomaLeptocerusPhryganeaBrachycentrus subnubilisLepidostomaOecetisCheumatopsychemarshesStenopsyche marmorataHydropsychidaeDipseudopsidaeStenopsychidaeAtriplectididaeCalamoceratidaeMolannidaeOdontoceridaePhilorheithridaeApataniidaeBrachycentridaeGoeridaeLepidostomatidaeOeconesidaePisuliidaeUenoidaeNecrotauliidaePhyrganeoideaBaissoferidaeDysoneuridaeKalophryganeidaePhryganeidaePlectrotarsidaeAnomalopsychidaeAntipodoeciidae