Treaty 45

[1] Treaty 45 was negotiated in August 1836 between 16 leaders of the Odawa and Ojibwe and Francis Bond Head, as a representative of the British Crown.[2][1][3] An entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia suggests that as opposed to "negotiation", what happened instead was simply that Bond Head "collected the signatures" of these leaders on the treaty document.[4] Bond Head had travelled to Manitoulin Island in part for an annual exchange of presents with his Indigenous counterparts; according to historian Robert J. Surtees, he "took more decisive action" in negotiating the treaty once there.[5] The English-language document memorializing the treaty is in the collection of Library and Archives Canada.[6] The treaty's conclusion was memorialized on Manitoulin Island in August 2011.
treatyManitoulin IslandUpper CanadareserveOjibweFrancis Bond HeadThe Canadian EncyclopediaLibrary and Archives CanadaWilfrid Laurier University PressEdinburgh University PressMcGill–Queen's University PressManitoulin ExpositorCrown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada