Thomas Robert Bugeaud
Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly (15 October 1784 – 10 June 1849) was a Marshal of France and Governor-General of Algeria during the French colonization.[4] There is also controversy about the language Bugeaud inserted into the differing versions of the treaty, in French article one read that Abd al-Qadir ‘recognised the sovereignty of France in Africa’.The Arabic text instead read that "the amir ‘is aware of the rule of French power" (ya‘rifu hukm saltanat firansa) in Africa’.[4] The treaty allowed the French space to prioritise other threats to their control over Algeria, and avenge GeneralClauzel's,failure to subdue the Beylik of Constantine.Amidst his other activities he had found time to study the agricultural characteristics of the conquered country, and under his régime the number of French colonists had grown from 17,000 to 100,000.Before Bugeaud there had been nine changes of governor in eleven years, politics in the metropole too was in flux with a coup in Paris only weeks after the initial landing in Algiers.Together these factors caused colonial policy to change rapidly, and in those eleven years French holdings expanded slowly from their initial coastal enclaves.Indeed such events transpired at the Battle of Macta in 1835 where a French force of 2,500 men was destroyed at the hands of Abd al-Qadir, the ensuring outrage provoking the replacement of the then governor by Bugeaud.[7] In the artillery too there was a marked difference from his predecessors who had favoured larger calibres, Bugeaud emphasised lighter guns especially mountain batteries for their ability to keep pace with other elements of the column.[7] The cumulative effect of raids that targeted the agrarian economy of rural Algeria caused widespread famine and it was as much this combined with the leverage gained from taking prisoners that forced tribes to make peace.[1] Bugeaud's writings were numerous, including his Œuvres militaires, collected by Weil (Paris, 1883), many official reports on Algeria and the war there, and some works on economics and political science.In 2021, because of war crimes committed by Bugeaud during the French conquest of Algeria, the municipality of Marseille decides to change his name of a school, and give it those of Ahmed Litim, an Algerian tirailleur killed during the liberation of the city in 1944.
French cruiser BugeaudCharles-Philippe LarivièreLimogesFranceFrench ArmyMarshal of FranceNapoleonic WarsBattle of AusterlitzBattle of JenaBattle of EylauBattle of PultuskFrench conquest of AlgeriaBattle of SikkakFranco-Moroccan WarBattle of IslyFrench Revolution of 1848DeputyGovernor-General of AlgeriacolonizationBourbon ruleJuly monarchyAlgeriawar crimesPérigordOccitaniaImperial GuardAusterlitzSecond LieutenantMadridrevolt of the Dos MayoSecond Siege of ZaragossaSuchetPeninsular WarNapoleonHundred DaysJuly RevolutionChamber of DeputiesdemocracyDuchess of BerryLouis PhilippeAfricaflying columns6 July 1836Treaty of TafnaAbd al-QadirJames McDougallHorace VernetClauzel'sfailureBeylik of ConstantineRazziaSidi BrahimJean-François GentilKabylianine changes of governor in eleven yearsmetropoleBattle of MactaJoseph GallieniHubert Lyauteytax exemptionsOttoman RegencyVendeemilitary doctrineSpahismountain batteriesagrarian economyWar MinisterMarshal Soultmodern counter-insurgency doctrinesrevolution of 1848Louis Napoleonevents in ItalyAlbertvilleAuxerreMarseillePérigueuxAlgerian tirailleurpublic domainChisholm, HughEncyclopædia BritannicaDouglas PorchKingdom of TlemcenYaghmurasen Ibn ZyanAbu Said Uthman IAbu Zayyan IAbu Hammu IAbu Tashufin IAbu Said Uthman IIAbu Hammu II MusaAbu Abdallah IVAbu Abdallah VOttoman governorsRegency of AlgiersAruj BarbarossaHayreddin BarbarossaHasan AghaHasan PashaSalah RaisHasan CorsoMuhammad KurdogliMuhamad PashaHassan VenezianoAli BitchinBaba HassanMezzo Morto Hüseyin PashaAhmed SharbanMohamed BektachDeylik of AlgiersMuhammad IIIIbrahim IIIMuhammad VSidi HassanAhmed IIAli IVMohammed KhaznadjiOmar AghaHussein DeyGovernorsFrench AlgeriaLouis-Auguste-VictorBertrand ClauzelPierre BerthezèneAnne Jean Marie René SavaryThéophile VoirolJean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'ErlonCharles-Marie Denys de Damrémont