Stiftung
[4] In the early Middle Ages, many nobles founded towns as Stiftung-like legal entities, a technique which was soon used to establish hospitals, orphanages and other non-profit organizations.It was the establishment of monastic communities, however, mostly in the southern and eastern border regions of the Holy Roman Empire, where the theory of Stiftung developed most.[5] When Roman law began to take root in Germany during the 13th century, many social structures changed including considerable urbanization.Stiftung foundations took on a distinctly non-profit nature in response to the invention of corporations under the legal scholar and Pope Innocent IV.[citation needed] During National Socialist rule, foundations that did not exclusively benefit the German (Aryan) people were officially classified as "non-charitable".Civil law Stiftung foundations have developed in Austria, Cyprus, Denmark (erhvervsdrivende fond), Italy, Finland, Germany, Liechtenstein (Unternehmenstiftung), the Netherlands (stichting, Netherlands Antilles, Norway (Bokmål stiftelse; Nynorsk stifting), Spain, Sweden (stiftelse), Switzerland, Panama (1975), and more recently in St Kitts (2003), Nevis (2004), Bahamas (2005), Anguilla (2006), Antigua and Barbuda (2006), Malta (2006), Jersey(2009), and Labuan, Malaysia (2010).
common lawtrustsAnstalttrusteesMiddle AgesnoblesHoly Roman EmpireWemdingOtto IQuedlinburg AbbeyRoman lawlegal scholarInnocent IVBürgerspital zum Heiligen GeistWürzburgFuggereiAugsburgsocial housingFrankfurt am Mainearly modernFrancke Foundation in HalleCarl-Zeiss-Stiftungthird ReichcommunistNational SocialistCivil lawFinlandGermanyLiechtensteinNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNorwayBokmålNynorskSwitzerlandSt KittsAnguillaAntiguaBarbudaJerseyLabuan