Steamship
The American ship SS Savannah first crossed the Atlantic Ocean arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819, although most of the voyage was actually made under sail.SS Archimedes, built in Britain in 1839 by Francis Pettit Smith, was the world's first screw propeller-driven steamship[a] for open water seagoing.Steam engines had to be designed with the power delivered at the bottom of the machinery, to give direct drive to the propeller shaft.Since the motive power of screw propulsion is delivered along the shaft, a thrust bearing is needed to transfer that load to the hull without excessive friction.This arrangement was not sufficient for higher engine powers and oil lubricated "collar" thrust bearings became standard from the early 1850s.[13] The British side-wheel paddle steamer SS Great Western was the first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings, starting in 1838.[14] The idea of regular scheduled transatlantic service was under discussion by several groups and the rival British and American Steam Navigation Company was established at the same time.Built at the shipyard of Patterson & Mercer in Bristol, Great Western was launched on 19 July 1837 and then sailed to London, where she was fitted with two side-lever steam engines from the firm of Maudslay, Sons & Field, producing 750 indicated horsepower between them.The Cunard Line's RMS Britannia began her first regular passenger and cargo service by a steamship in 1840, sailing from Liverpool to Boston.The practical limit on the length of a wooden-hulled ship is about 300 feet, after which hogging—the flexing of the hull as waves pass beneath it—becomes too great.The first steamship to operate on the Pacific Ocean was the paddle steamer Beaver, launched in 1836 to service Hudson's Bay Company trading posts between Puget Sound Washington and Alaska.The distance from either is roughly the same, between 14,000 to 15,000 nautical miles (26,000 to 28,000 km; 16,000 to 17,000 mi), traveling down the Atlantic, around the southern tip of Africa, and across the Indian Ocean.A partial solution to this problem was adopted by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), using an overland section between Alexandria and Suez, with connecting steamship routes along the Mediterranean and then through the Red Sea.While this worked for passengers and some high value cargo, sail was still the only solution for virtually all trade between China and Western Europe or East Coast America.Some of this type (for instance Erl King) were built with propellers that could be lifted clear of the water to reduce drag when under sail power alone.These ships struggled to be successful on the route to China, as the standing rigging required when sailing was a handicap when steaming into a head wind, most notably against the southwest monsoon when returning with a cargo of new tea.[25] Though the auxiliary steamers persisted in competing in far eastern trade for a few years (and it was Erl King that carried the first cargo of tea through the Suez Canal), they soon moved on to other routes.[24] The efficiency of Holt's package of boiler pressure, compound engine and hull design gave a ship that could steam at 10 knots on 20 long tons of coal a day.[24] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 gave a distance saving of about 3,250 nautical miles (6,020 km; 3,740 mi) on the route from China to London.[27]: 89 [28]: 106-111 The theory of this was established in the 1850s by John Elder, but it was clear that triple expansion engines needed steam at, by the standards of the day, very high pressures.By 1885 the usual boiler pressure was 150 pounds per square inch (1,000 kPa) and virtually all ocean-going steamships being built were ordered with triple expansion engines.The tramp steamers that operated at the end of the 1880s could sail at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) with a fuel consumption of 0.5 ounces (14 g) of coal per ton mile travelled.This level of efficiency meant that steamships could now operate as the primary method of maritime transport in the vast majority of commercial situations.Launched in 1969, Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) was the last passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a scheduled liner voyage before she was converted to diesels in 1986.The last major passenger ship built with steam turbines was the Fairsky, launched in 1984,[citation needed] later Atlantic Star, reportedly sold to Turkish shipbreakers in 2013.Thomas Assheton Smith was an English aristocrat who forwarded the design of the steam yacht in conjunction with the Scottish marine engineer Robert Napier.[39] As of August 2017 the newest class of Steam Turbine ships are the Seri Camellia-class LNG carriers built by Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) starting in 2016 and comprising five units.
steamboatpaddle steamerPS WaverleySwanageaircraft carrierUSS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)US Navysteam-powered vesselseaworthysteam enginespropellerspaddlewheelsprefixinternal combustion enginesglobalizationsteamboatsDenis PapinPyroscapheAtlantic OceanluggerYarmouthAaron ManbyHorseley IronworksEnglish ChannelSS Great WesternSS SavannahHellevoetsluisRotterdamParamariboSurinamSS Royal WilliamIsambard Kingdom Brunelocean linerSS ArchimedesFrancis Pettit SmithRoyal NavyThomas ClydePropeller (marine)screw-propellerJames WattBirminghamsteam enginehydrodynamicpropeller shaftSS Great Britainstuffing boxSS Great Easternlignum vitaethrust bearingShip prefixSavannah, GeorgiaLiverpoolBritish and American Steam Navigation CompanyBritish QueenPatterson & Mercerside-lever steam enginesMaudslay, Sons & Fieldindicated horsepowerCunard LineRMS Britanniadry dockBristolCumberland BasinWilliam TalbotJohn Laird(English) channelpacket shiphulleddry rotwoodwormhoggingF. P. Smith'sCape of Good HopeAllan Line Royal Mail SteamersEast CoastWest Coast of the United StatesSS CaliforniaSan Francisco BayNew York HarborCape HornBeaverHudson's Bay CompanyPuget SoundAlaskaEast Coast of the U.S.Far EastIndian OceanPeninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation CompanyAlexandriaMediterraneanRed SeaclippersErl KingSuez CanalBoard of TradeMerchant Shipping Act 1854Carnatic (1863)superheatAlfred HoltAgamemnonlong tonsMauritiusBlue Funnel LinefreightJohn ElderScotch-typeSS Aberdeen (1881)MelbourneRMS Oceanicscrew propellercompound enginetriple-expansion engineWhite Star LineRMS Oceanichuman migrationRMS UmbriaRMS EtruriaJohn Elder & Co.RMS TitanicRMS LusitaniaWorld War IRMS Queen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth 2FairskyAtlantic Starluxury yacht