South Manchuria Railway Zone

The South Manchuria Railway Zone (Japanese: 南満州鉄道附属地, romanized: Minami Manshū Tetsudō Fuzoku-chi; simplified Chinese: 南满洲铁道附属地; traditional Chinese: 南滿洲鐵道附屬地; pinyin: Nán Mǎnzhōu Tiědào Fùshǔ-dì; Wade–Giles: Nan2 Man3-chou1 Tʻieh3-tao4 Fu4-shu3-ti4) or SMR Zone, was the area of Japanese extraterritorial rights in northeast China, in connection with the operation of the South Manchurian Railway.In addition, Japan also maintained Consular Police attached to the Japanese consulates and branch consulates in major cities as Harbin, Qiqihar, and Manzhouli as well as in the Chientao District in which lived large numbers of ethnic Koreans.It provided that Japanese subjects would be free to reside and travel in South Manchuria, and engage in business and manufacture of any kind and lease land that was necessary for erecting suitable buildings for trade, manufacturing, and agricultural enterprises.After the foundation of Manchukuo, with full Japanese control over all of Manchuria, the zone ceased to have a function and was abolished in 1937.The South Manchuria Railway Zone had its own private military force, mostly local volunteers of Korean and Japanese descent.
The routing of the main line of the Chinese Eastern Railway (Manzhouli to Harbin to Suifenhe), here labelled the Trans-Manchurian Railway , and its southern branch (Harbin to Dalian). After 1905, most of the southern branch (from Changchun to Dalian) became the Japan-run South Manchuria Railway
Traditional ChineseSimplified ChineseStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWade–GilesHiraganaKatakanaRomanizationJapaneseromanizedsimplified Chinesetraditional Chinesepinyinextraterritorialnortheast ChinaSouth Manchurian RailwaySouth Manchuria RailwayImperial RussiaRusso-Japanese WarTreaty of PortsmouthChangchunLüshunChina Far East RailwayLi-Lobanov TreatyDalianMukdenDandongregular Japanese soldiersHarbinQiqiharManzhouliChientao DistrictKoreansTwenty-One DemandsManchukuoprivate military forceCity-stateCorporatocracyMicronationMicrostateCoox, Alvin