Scallop aquaculture
Globally the scallop aquaculture industry is now well established, with a reported annual production totalling over 1,200,000 metric tonnes [3] from about 12 species.Collection of wild spat has historically been the most common way obtaining young scallops to seed aquaculture operations.Most methods involve a series of mesh spat bags suspended in the water column on a line which is anchored to the seafloor.While initial attempts to culture scallops in hatcheries were fraught with extremely low spawning and high larval mortality rates,[5] a number of successful techniques have now been developed.[2] Following settlement, the larvae undergo metamorphosis where they rearrange their body form to begin their life as a seafloor dwelling juvenile scallop.Mortality rates are often highest during metamorphosis as larvae go through a series of behavioral and anatomical changes such as loss of the velum (the larval feeding structure) and development of new filter-feeding mechanisms and gills.Longlines have proved effective for most farms to date and have the added advantage of being able to be completely submerged (with the exception of marker buoys) so to reduce visual pollution.Flow rate of water and algae is adequate and scallops will usually congregate around the edges of the circular net to maximise their food intake.This method results in a similar growth and mortality rates as ear hanging but has the advantage of being able to set scallops from a small size.This method is quick and cost effective and has been used to a great extent in the European Queen Scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) industry.[8] Growing scallops in suspended plastic trays such as oyster cages can serve as an alternative to equipment like lantern nets.The main advantage of using methods of bottom culture is in the lower cost of reduced buoyancy needs as equipment is supported by the seabed.[8] Wild ranching is by far the cheapest of all forms of scallop farming and can be very effective when large areas of seabed can be utilized.[11] Recently, with the increase of enclosed farming techniques, a large amount of work has been directed at development of an artificial microalgal substitute that is more cost effective than traditional feeds.[12] Microalgae cultures may also be manipulated in order to produce algae with a more desirable protein, lipid and carbohydrate profile and much work is being conducted in this area.[19] Once scallops have been grown, harvested and processed the principal end product is the meat, which usually consists of just the adductor muscle (fresh or frozen).This has been well observed in Russia where culture of scallops in partially closed bays has resulted in eutrophication and so changes in species composition and structural and functional parameters of pelagic and benthic communities.[2] Furthermore, aquaculture farms are a source of visual pollution and so often attract public opposition in highly populated coastal areas.
sea scallopscallopsconsumer productfishing for wild scallopsaquacultureAequipecten opercularisArgopecten irradiansArgopecten purpuratusChlamys farreriChlamys islandicaChlamys nobilisPatinopecten yessoensisPecten fumatusPecten maximusPlacopecten magellanicusArgopecten ventricosusCrassadomaNodipecten nodosusAequipecten tehuelchusEuvola ziczacPatinopecten caurinusAmusium ballotiAmusium pleuronectesChlamys variaEuvola vogdesiFlexopecten flexuosusNodipecten subnodosusmetamorphosisBroodstockserotoninneurotransmitterfertilizationlarvaevisual pollutionQueen Scallopstarfishfilter feedersphytoplanktonbivalveMicroalgaeproteincarbohydratevitaminsvitamin CfecunditydiseasesFarrer's scallopmalacoherpesviridaeparasitesParalytic shellfish poisoningamnesic shellfish poisoningneurotoxindiatomsDiarrehetic shellfish poisonsdinoflagellatesmusclesustainableecosystemsuspended solidsnutrientsbacteriavirusespelagicbenthicseagrasseseutrophicationspecies compositioninvertebrateWild fisheriesFishing industryArtisanal fishingBycatchCommercial fishingDeclawing of crabsFish slaughterList of harvested aquatic animals by weightTrawlingOverfishingPair trawlingMidwater trawlingBottom trawlingSeiningGillnettingLongliningLobster fishingTrollingDredgingFishing vesselsFish trapPower blockShark finningFisheriesAgulhas BankCrab fisheriesCod fisheriesFishing by countryFisheries managementIllegal fishing in AfricaKrill fisheryOcean fisheriesWorld fish productionNorth SeaShrimp fisheryfarmed fisheriesAquaculture engineeringAquaponicsBest practicesCopper alloysGeothermal energy and aquacultureInland salineIntegrated multi-trophicMaricultureAntimicrobialsOffshoreOrganicRacewayRecirculatingFish farmingCatfishFish diseases and parasitesFish feedFish hatcheryFish stockingSpawning bedSalmonTilapia