Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
However, due to the nuanced nature of individual cases, the treatment of the mentally ill could not be generalized as it was in medieval Europe [7] This term was gradually redefined among the educated, and was defined by Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) as "one who suffers from a condition in which reality is replaced with fantasy".A prominent philosopher during this time was al-Ghazali(1058–1111),[3] who proposed that maintaining a balanced connection between the spiritual and psychological conditions within the body was vital in order to sustain a close relationship with God.[3] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865–925), known as Rhazes in the western tradition, was an influential Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist during the Golden Age of Islam, and among the first in the world to write on mental illness and psychotherapy.[8] Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina (980–1030), known to the west as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is widely regarded for his writings on such diverse subjects as philosophy, physics, medicine, mathematics, geology, Islamic theology, and poetry.In his most widely celebrated work, the Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun-fi-il-Tabb), he provided descriptions and treatments for such conditions as insomnia, mania, vertigo, paralysis, stroke, epilepsy, and depression as well as male sexual dysfunction.Islamic scholars described melancholia as a condition the principal symptom of which was a state of constant sadness, the cause of which was believed to be an excess of black bile in the body.Scholars and physicians of this time period were some of the first to emphasize psychosomatic medicine, the emphasis placed on the relationship between illness of the mind and problems in the body.
Ibn al-NafisAvicennaArabicpsychepsychologyneurosciencephilosophy of mindpsychiatrypsychosomatic medicinemental healthmental illnessMuslimpsychologistsscholarsfour humorsIslamic medicineClassical ArabicIslamic worldQur'anGregorian calendarIslamic Golden Ageal-GhazaliMuhammad ibn Zakariya al-RaziRhazesCanon of Medicineinsomniavertigoparalysisstrokeepilepsydepressionsexual dysfunctionAbu Zayd al-Balkhicognitive therapyreciprocal inhibitionpsychosisneurosismelancholiabimaristanshijamathe four humorshumectantsIslamic philosophyMedicine in the medieval Islamic worldOphthalmology in medieval IslamScience in medieval IslamSufi psychologyMotilal BanarsidassAbu Hafsa YazidAl-Harith ibn KaladaBukhtishuIbn Abi Ramtha al-TamimiIbn UthalMasarjawaihNafi ibn al-HarithRufaida Al-AslamiaZaynab al-AwadiyaJa'ar al-SadiqAl-KindiAl-RuhawiAlbubatherAli al-RidhaAli ibn Sahl Rabban al-TabariHunayn ibn IshaqIshaq ibn HunaynJabir ibn HayyanJabril ibn BukhtishuMasawaiyhSalmawaih ibn BunanShapur ibn SahlYahya ibn SarafyunYuhanna ibn BukhtishuYusuf al-Khuri'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-MajusiAayon Ibn AayonAbu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni BokhariAbu Bakr al-RaziAbu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-MasihiAbu al-Hasan al-TabariAbu al-Qasim Muqane'iAbu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiAbu ul-Ala ShiraziAl-KaŝkarīAl-NatiliAl-Tamimi, the physicianEutychius of AlexandriaIbn Abi al-AshʿathIbn JuljulIbn al-JazzarIbrahim ibn BaksIsaac Israeli ben SolomonMohammed ibn Abdun al-JabaliMuvaffakQusta ibn LuqaAbdollah ibn BukhtishuAbu 'Ubayd al-JuzjaniAbu al-Hakam al-KirmaniAl-BiruniAli ibn Isa al-KahhalAli ibn RidwanAli ibn Yusuf al-IlaqiAmmar ibn Ali al-MawsiliBadi' al-AsturlabiIbn Abi SadiqIbn Al-ThahabiIbn ButlanIbn HinduIbn JazlaIbn al-HaythamIbn al-KattaniIbn al-WafidJonah ibn JanahMasawaihAbu Jafar ibn Harun al-TurjaliAbu al-Bayan ibn al-MudawwarAbu al-Majd ibn Abi al-HakamAbu'l-Barakāt al-BaghdādīAhmad ibn FarrokhAl-Samawal al-MaghribiAvempaceAverroesIbn HabalIbn Jumay‘Ibn TufaylIbn ZuhrIbn al-Tilmīdh