Psychoanalysis
[1] It conceptualises the human psyche from three instances: The id is regarded as a set of innate needs; the ego controls the muscles via conscious perception; and the superego preserves the experiences that occur during this (socialisation; imprinting; conscience).Psychoanalysis was developed in order to clarify the causes of disorders and to restore mental health[10] by enabling the ego to become aware of the id's needs that have been repressed into the unconscious and to find realistic ways of satisfying and/or controlling them.The metapsychological specification of the functions and interlocking of the three instances was intended to ensure the full connectivity of this ‘psychic apparatus’ with biological sciences, in particular Darwin's theory of evolution of species, including mankind with his behaviour, natural thinking ability and technological creativity.[14] Without knowledge of the instinctive social structure of our genetically closest relatives in animal kingdom (instead of Freud's single ‘super-strong primal father’, they show combative male groups, but despite their remarkable intelligence still no ability to form political organisations), his thesis of the Darwinian primordial horde as presented for discussion in Totem and Taboo cannot be tested and, where necessary, replaced by a realistic model.All further historical stages of coexistence in societies are rooted in this, from feudalism to our modern nations with their monotheism centralising totemic diversity, organisations of military, politics and trade (s. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego).Freud's thesis of violent introduction of monogamous cohabitation stand in contrast to the religiously enigmatic reports about the origin of first human couples on earth as an expression of divine will, but closer to the ancient trap to pacify political conflicts among the groups of Neolithic mankind.Examples include Prometheus' uprising against Zeus, who created Pandora as a fatal wedding gift for Epimetheus to divide and rule the titanic brothers; Plato's myth of spherical men cut into isolated individuals for the same reason;[16] and the similarly resolved revolt of inferior gods in the Flood epic Atra-Hasis.Nonetheless, without an examination in the light of modern primate research, as demanded by Freud, these ideas remain in the status of an unproven hypothesis of paleoanthropology, merely a "just so story as a not unpleasant English critic wittily called it."[17] According to Freud, this hypothesis explains the present-day son's conflict with his father over his mother, naming this view after Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus, and supplementing it with case studies such as the Phobia of a five-year-old boy.[18] However, the author not only discovered this complex and the 'oral fixatet' Syndrom of Narzissos' regress back into amniotic fluid (as far as possible given the state of science at the time), but also devised a hypothesis of healthy emotional development, which by nature completes in three successive stages: the oral, anal and genital phases.This explanation of the origin of loss of mental health and the analytical processes as a whole confronts the patients ego with the pathological defence mechanisms, makes him aware of them as well as the instinctive contents of the id that have been repressed by them, and thus helps him to better understand himself and the world in which he lives, was born and educated.Not least this includes the fact that the neurological branch of psychoanalysis recently provided evidence that the brain stores experiences in specialised neuronal networks (memory function of the superego) and the ego performances its highest focus of conscious thinking in frontal lobe.In Freud's view, therefore any number of phenomena can be integrated between "both endpoints of our knowledge" (findings of modern neurology just as well as the position of our planet in the universe, for example), but this only contribute to the spatial "localisation of the acts of consciousness", not to their understanding.[26] It touches on the point of psychoanalysis that is most difficult to grasp with the means of empirically based sciences – in fact, only under Kant's assumption that living systems always make judgements about the phenomena they perceive with regard to the satisfaction of their immanent needs.[vi][vii] Psychoanalytic perspectives are also widely used outside the therapeutic field, for example in film and literary criticism, interpretation of fairy tales or philosophical concepts (replacing Kant's a priori with the conditions of mental apparatus),[31] ideologies such as Marxism and the phenomenon of technological as well as cultural creativity of mankind and its zoological closest relatives.Breuer, a distinguished physician, was astonished but remained unspecific; while Freud formulated his hypothesis that Anna's hystera seemed to be caused by distressing but unconscious experiences related to sexuality, basing his assumption on corresponding associations made by the young women.Sophocles' poetic treatment of this ancient Greek myth is about Oedipus' own sexual desire addresses to his mother Jocasta – admittedly as an already genitally mature man and without knowing about the close blood relationship including an not less unconscious patricide – which the woman reciprocates just as unsuspectingly.Freud interprets the passage where Oedipus – after realising his serious violation of the moral-totemic incest taboo – pokes out his eyes with the golden needle clasp of his wife's and mother's nightdress (while Jocasta commits suicide) as a manifestation of the same ‘cover-up’ mechanism that he began to uncover in the above-mentioned fantasies.This is the case in societys that generally consider all extra- and premarital sexual activity – including homoeroticism, that of biblical Onan and incest – to be a ‘sin’, passing this value on to the next generation through concrete or threatened punishments.The Interpretation of Dreams includes the first comprehensive conceptualisation of Oedipus complex: The little boy admires his father because of the mental and physical advantages of the adult man and wants to become like him, but also comes into conflict with him over the women around, cause of the taboo of incest.The IPA accredits psychoanalytic training centers through such "component organisations" throughout the rest of the world, including countries such as Serbia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland,[67] and many others, as well as about six institutes directly in the United States.[93] Due to his increasingly critical stance towards the deviation from Freud's thought, often singling out particular texts and readings from his colleagues, Lacan was excluded from acting as a training analyst in the IPA, thus leading him to create his own school in order to maintain an institutional structure for the many candidates who desired to continue their analysis with him.[x] In particular, unconscious hostile feelings toward the analyst could be found in symbolic, negative reactions to what Robert Langs later called the "frame" of the therapy[103]—the setup that included times of the sessions, payment of fees, and necessity of talking.Since, in most locations in the United States, unlike in Ontario and Germany, classical analysis (which usually requires sessions three to five times per week) is not covered by health insurance, many analysts may negotiate their fees with patients whom they feel they can help, but who have financial difficulties.Most recently, psychoanalytic researchers who have integrated attachment theory into their work, including Alicia Lieberman and Daniel Schechter, have explored the role of parental traumatization in the development of young children's mental representations of self and others.[citation needed] Philosopher Frank Cioffi cites false claims of a sound scientific verification of the theory and its elements as the strongest basis for classifying the work of Freud and his school as pseudoscience.It corresponds to the traits of a philosophical sect (closed organisation, highly personal initiation, a doctrine which is changeable but defined by its official adoption, cult and legend of the founder).Some have accused Freud of fabrication, most famously in the case of Anna O.[176] Others have speculated that patients had conditions that are now easily identifiable and unrelated to psychoanalysis; for instance, Anna O. is thought to have had an organic impairment such as tuberculous meningitis or temporal lobe epilepsy, rather than Freud's diagnosis of hysteria.[182] In Anti-Oedipus, Deleuze and Guattari take the cases of Gérard Mendel, Bela Grunberger, and Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, prominent members of the most respected psychoanalytical associations (including the IPA), to suggest that, traditionally, psychoanalysis had always enthusiastically enjoyed and embraced a police state throughout its history.A survey of scientific research suggested that while personality traits corresponding to Freud's oral, anal, Oedipal, and genital phases can be observed, they do not necessarily manifest as stages in the development of children.
ICD-9-CMPsychosexual developmentPsychosocial development (Erikson)PreconsciousConsciousnessPsychic apparatusId, ego and superegoEgo defensesProjectionIntrojectionLibidoTransferenceCountertransferenceResistanceDenialDreamworkCathexisAbrahamBalintBreuerChodorowEriksonFairbairnFerencziFreud (Anna)Freud (Sigmund)GuattariHorneyIrigarayJacobsonKristevaLaplancheMahlerSpielreinStekelStracheySullivanWinnicottŽižekThe Interpretation of DreamsThe Psychopathology of Everyday LifeThree Essays on the Theoryof SexualityPsychology of the UnconsciousBeyond the Pleasure PrincipleThe Ego and the IdCivilization and Its DiscontentsThe Mass Psychology of FascismThe Four Fundamental Concepts of PsychoanalysisAnti-OedipusThe Sublime Object of IdeologyAdlerianEgo psychologyJungianLacanianInterpersonalIntersubjectiveMarxistObject relationsReichianRelationalSelf psychologyBoston Graduate School ofPsychoanalysisBritish Psychoanalytic CouncilBritish Psychoanalytical SocietyColumbia University Center forPsychoanalytic Training and ResearchInternational Psychoanalytical AssociationWorld Association of PsychoanalysisList of schools of psychoanalysisChild psychoanalysisDepth psychologyPsychodynamicsPsychoanalytic theorySigmund FreudJosef Breuerinnate needssuperegoimprintingorganellestransmissionrepressedinterpretation of dreamsmental disordersunconsciousrepressionsexualityOedipus complexAlfred AdlerCarl Jungindividual psychologyanalytical psychologyFreudianErich FrommKaren HorneyHarry Stack SullivanJacques Lacanmetapsychologythree-instance modelpsychiatryliterary criticismFreudo-Marxismcognitionbehaviourstructural modeldefense mechanismssymptomaticneuroticismFreudian slipscausescoherencemankinddiagnosticMoses and Monotheismclosest relativesTotem and TabooUnease in Culturetotemic diversityGroup Psychology and the Analysis of the EgoAthrahasis first human couplesPrometheusPandoraAtra-HasishypothesispaleoanthropologySophoclesOedipus