Prostate
The prostate is an accessory gland of the male reproductive system and a muscle-driven mechanical switch between urination and ejaculation.The word prostate is derived from Ancient Greek prostátēs (προστάτης), meaning "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian", with the term originally used to describe the seminal vesicles.This, over the fourth to the seventh week, divides into a urogenital sinus and the beginnings of the anal canal, with a wall forming between these two inpouchings called the urorectal septum.[17] Around the end of the third month of embryonic life, outgrowths arise from the prostatic part of the urethra and grow into the surrounding mesenchyme.[18] Condensation of mesenchyme, urethra, and Wolffian ducts gives rise to the adult prostate gland, a composite organ made up of several tightly fused glandular and non-glandular components.[19] When sperm are emitted, they are transmitted from the vas deferens into the male urethra via the ejaculatory duct, which lies within the prostate gland.[19] Semen is moved into the urethra following contractions of the smooth muscle of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles, following stimulation, primarily of the glans penis.More recently, a combination of trigger point and psychological therapy has proved effective for category III prostatitis as well.[28] BPH can be treated with medication, a minimally invasive procedure or, in extreme cases, surgery that removes the prostate.[31] These outpatient procedures may be followed by the insertion of a temporary stent, to allow normal voluntary urination, without exacerbating irritative symptoms.Uncommonly, such cancers may cause weight loss, retention of urine, or symptoms such as back pain due to metastatic lesions that have spread outside of the prostate.[28] A digital rectal examination and the measurement of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level are usually the first investigations done to check for prostate cancer.This is often done through the use of GnRH analogues or agents (such as bicalutamide) that block the receptors that androgens act on; occasionally, surgical removal of the testes may be done instead.[28] If a person, because of frailty or other medical conditions or reasons, has a life expectancy less than ten years, then the impacts of treatment may outweigh any perceived benefits.[37] Usually the procedure for cancer is a radical prostatectomy, which means that the seminal vesicles are removed and the vasa deferentia are also tied off.[36] Open surgery may be preferred if there is a suspicion that lymph nodes are involved and they need to be removed or biopsied during a procedure.[36] A perineal approach will not involve lymph node removal and may result in less pain and a faster recovery following an operation.[36] A TURP procedure uses a tube inserted into the urethra via the penis and some form of heat, electricity or laser to remove prostate tissue.[36][37] Ejaculation of semen will not occur during orgasm if the vasa deferentia are tied off and seminal vesicles removed, such as during a radical prosatectomy.[36] General complications due to surgery can also develop, such as infections, bleeding, inadvertent damage to nearby organs or within the abdomen, and the formation of blood clots.[5] At the time, Du Laurens was describing what was considered to be a pair of organs (not the single two-lobed organ), and the Latin term prostatae that was used was a mistranslation of the term for the Ancient Greek word used to describe the seminal vesicles, parastatai;[39] although it has been argued that surgeons in Ancient Greece and Rome must have at least seen the prostate as an anatomical entity.[39] The idea of the five lobes of the prostate was popularized following anatomical studies conducted by American urologist Oswald Lowsley in 1912.[44] Prostate cancer was initially considered a rare disease, probably because of shorter life expectancies and poorer detection methods in the 19th century.[40] Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) replaced radical prostatectomy for symptomatic relief of obstruction in the middle of the 20th century because it could better preserve penile erectile function.[48] In 1941, Charles B. Huggins published studies in which he used estrogen to oppose testosterone production in men with metastatic prostate cancer.[49] The role of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in reproduction was determined by Andrzej W. Schally and Roger Guillemin, who both won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.[50][51] Radiation therapy for prostate cancer was first developed in the early 20th century and initially consisted of intraprostatic radium implants.
The Prostateprostrate (body position)PrecursorEndodermic evaginationsurethraurogenital sinusSystemMale reproductive systemArteryInternal pudendal arteryinferior vesical arterymiddle rectal arteryProstatic venous plexuspudendal plexusvesical plexusinternal iliac veinInferior hypogastric plexusInternal iliac lymph nodesAnatomical terminologyaccessory glandurinationejaculationbladdergross anatomymicroanatomyconnective tissuesexual responsealkalinevaginal tractsmooth musclemotilityenlargementinflammationinfectioncancerAncient Greekseminal vesiclesexocrine glandwalnuturinary bladderprostatic urethraejaculatory ductshistologymedical imagingultrasoundprostatic cancersbenign prostatic enlargementstromamusclefibrous tissuedilatormiddle rectal arteriesinternal iliac arteriesdeep dorsal vein of the penisinternal pudendal veinsvesicalinternal iliac veinsvas deferensexternal iliac lymph nodessacral lymph nodesinferior vesicalinferior pudendalMicrographcorpora amylaceaH&E staincolumn-shaped cellsepitheliumpseudostratifiedcuboidalBasal cellsprotein-coding genesproteinsprostate specific antigen (PSA)prostatic acid phosphataseDevelopment of the reproductive systemembryocloacaanal canalurorectal septumendodermalmesenchymeWolffian ductshormonesandrogenstestosteronetesticlesdihydrotestosteroneejaculatedejaculatory ductglans penisinternal pudendal nerveslumbar spinehypogastric nervesbulbocavernosus muscleproteolytic enzymesfibrinolysinprostate-specific antigenSurgery for benign prostatic hyperplasiaorgasmprostate massageanal intercourserectal wallG-spotProstatitisinflamedleukocytespainful urinationconstitutional symptomstirednessdigital rectal examinationurine cultureantibioticsChronic non-bacterial prostatitis, or male chronic pelvic pain syndromealpha blockersnon-steroidal anti-inflammatoriesamitriptylineantihistaminesanxiolyticsphysical therapypsychotherapynerve modulatorssurgerytrigger pointBenign prostatic hyperplasiaurinary frequencyurinary hesitancy