Parotid gland
The duct pierces the buccinator muscle, then opens into the mouth on the inner surface of the cheek, usually opposite the maxillary second molar.The deep lamina is thin and is attached to the styloid process, tympanic plate, and the ramus of the mandible.The part of the deep lamina extending between the styloid process and the mandible is thickened to form a stylomastoid ligament.Postganglionic (post-synaptic) fibers from the ganglion then "hitch-hike" along the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.The fascia at the imaginary line between the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process splits into a superficial and a deep lamina to enclose the gland.The striated ducts are also numerous and consist of simple columnar epithelium, having striations that represent the infolded basal cell membranes and mitochondria.[10] The parotid gland also secretes salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), which is the first step in the decomposition of starches during mastication.[12]) These buds grow up posteriorly toward the otic placodes of the ears and branch to form solid cords with rounded terminal ends near the developing facial nerve.Parotid gland swellings can also be due to benign lymphoepithelial lesions[clarification needed] caused by Mikulicz disease and Sjögren syndrome.Swelling of the parotid gland may also indicate the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, creating the look of a heavy jaw line.With the inflammation of mumps or obstruction of the ducts, increased levels of the salivary alpha amylase secreted by the parotid gland can be detected in the blood stream.Mumps is seen to be a common cause of parotid gland swelling – 85% of cases occur in children younger than 15 years.[13] Diagnosis of mumps is confirmed through viral serology, management of the condition includes hydration and good oral hygiene of the patient[13] requiring excellent motivation.Surgery depends upon the site of the stone: if within the anterior aspect of the duct, a simple incision into the buccal mucosa with sphinterotomy[clarification needed] may allow removal; however, if situated more posteriorly[clarification needed] within the main duct, complete gland excision may be necessary.The tumorous growth can also change the consistency of the gland and cause facial pain on the involved side.These include facial nerve weakness, rapid increase of the size of the lump as well as ulceration of the mucosa of the skin.[13] A developmental polycystic disease of the salivary gland is seen to be extremely rare and is seen to be independent of recurrent parotitis.[18] The cause is thought to be a defect in the interactions between activin, follistatin and TGF-β, leading to a developmental disorder of glandular tissue.[14] Surgical techniques in parotid surgery have evolved in the last years with the use of neuromonitoring of the facial nerve and have become safer and less invasive.[20] Commonly caused by a retrograde bacterial infection as a result of illness, sepsis, trauma, surgery, reduced salivary flow due to medications, diabetes, malnutrition and dehydration.Presentation is a slowly enlarging gland, with diagnosis made by identification of the underlying systemic disorder and measurements of salivary chemical levels.Salivary gland biopsy with histopathologic examination is needed to make the distinction between whether Sjoren's syndrome or sarcoidosis is the cause of this.[21] The most common head and neck manifestation of tuberculosis mycobacterial disease is infection of cervical lymph nodes.For extraoral examination the patients head should be inclined forwards in order to maximally expose the parotid and submandibular glands.The labial, buccal and posterior palatal mucosa should be dried with an air blower or tissue and pressed to assess the flow of saliva.
Common carotid arteryParotoid glandSalivary glandsSystemDigestive systemAnatomical terminologysalivary glandmandibular ramussalivaparotid ductmasticationswallowingstarchessalivarysubmandibularsublingualserousear canalmastoid processtemporal boneangle of the mandiblemasseter musclebuccinator musclemaxillary second molarlateral to medialFacial nerveRetromandibular veinExternal carotid arterySuperficial temporal arterygreat auricular nerveMaxillary arteryanatomic variationectopicfacial nerve (CN VII)parotid plexussuperior cervical ganglionmiddle meningeal arteryinferior salivatory nucleusglossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)tympanic nervetympanic plexuslesser petrosal nerveotic ganglionauriculotemporal nervecapsulerisoriusstomodeummesenchymeSalivary gland diseaseParotitissalivary duct calculiMikulicz diseaseSjögren syndromebulimia nervosatrismusparamyxovirusTuberculosissyphilisgranulomaSalivary stonespleomorphic adenomaWarthin tumoradenolymphomamucoepidermoid carcinomaadenoid cystic carcinomaphyllodes tumourNeoplasticbenignasymptomatichemangiomaspleomorphic adenomasaspiration biopsymalignancyMalignantbiopsyactivinfollistatinTGF-βparotidectomyauriculotemporalFrey's syndromesepsisdiabetessialolithpalliative careMMR vaccineHIV/AIDSantiretroviralsSystemic lupus erythematosusSarcoidosisxerostomiasialorrhoeaneoplasmsSialographysialadenitisSialoendoscopyfine needle aspiration biopsySjögren's syndromeJohn LeonoraJuxtaoral organ of ChievitzMedline PlusAmerican Cancer SocietyVermilion borderCupid's bowFrenulum of lower lipLabial commissure of mouthPhiltrumWhite rollBuccal fat padPalateHard palateSoft palatePalatine rapheIncisive papillaInterdental papillaGingival sulcusGingival marginGingival fibersJunctional epitheliumMucogingival junctionSulcular epitheliumStipplingPeriodontiumCementumGingivaPeriodontal ligament