To deter such behavior, toll operators can employ tools such as high-definition cameras to identify violators, and leakage can be offset in part or whole by fees and fines collected against offenders.[citation needed] In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a system of electronic tolling for the Washington metropolitan area.[5] In September 1998, Singapore became the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system for purposes of congestion pricing.[6] Today there are many roads around the world using electronic toll collection technologies, and ORT has opened the feasibility to implement congestion pricing policies in urban areas.Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles.ANPR allows police to automatically compile vast databases of innocent road users' movements, thus invading their privacy.
Electronic Toll Collection
Toll gate in Taiwan, which allows the motorist to pay their toll without stopping or slowing down
Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stopping.