Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
Headquartered at Majorstuen, Oslo, NKF consists of a national-level association as well as regional chapters based in the larger cities, and is led by a national executive board.In line with its roots in 19th century first-wave liberal feminism, political and legal reform remains its primary focus, and it has always concentrated on lobbying government bodies in a professional way.Three of the first Presidents of the organization, Anna Stang, Randi Blehr, and Fredrikke Marie Qvam, were all wives of Norwegian Prime Ministers.NKF grew out of overlapping milieus connected to the political elite and liberal media in Norway, particularly the women's rights association Skuld that had been founded the previous year by the first women to pursue higher education in Norway, but also Læseforening for Kvinder (founded by Camilla Collett in 1874), Nissen's Girls' School, Kristiania Lærerindeforening, the influential political and cultural magazine Nyt Tidsskrift, and the liberal newspaper Dagbladet.[7] Membership has always been open to both women and men, and among the board members in the first years were several prominent lawyers such as the conservative prime minister Francis Hagerup and the attorney-general Annæus Johannes Schjødt.[10] During the presidency of Eva Kolstad (1956–1968), NKF became strongly involved in international cooperation through the United Nations and contributed significantly to early UN gender equality policies, and Kolstad was elected as a member and vice chair of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women in 1968, the year she stepped down as NKF President, after being nominated as the joint candidate of the Nordic governments.NKF differed markedly from the second-wave feminist movement in its liberal and moderate political outlook, formal style of organization, emphasis on cooperation with the government and focus on legal and policy issues, and also in its membership dominated by lawyers and academics, prioritization of professional lobbying methods and lack of interest in grassroots activism.Lønnå notes that NKF had long traditions, a clearly defined form of organization, an established network, well formulated policies and principles, and that it spent most of its resources on lobbying government bodies in a professional way.NKF is generally supportive of Norwegian official foreign policy, and in line with its liberal feminist political platform and bourgeois origins, the association maintained a pro-Western stance throughout the Cold War.[14] Clara Ottesen, the NKF President during the membership debate, was herself a member of the executive board of the European Movement in Norway at the time.NKF refused to support anti-nuclear campaigns in Norway from the 1970s, as it would be at odds with official Norwegian (and NATO) security policy during the Cold War, and argued that the issue was unrelated to women's rights.NKF initiated the establishment of the NGO Sex og politikk that promotes sexual and reproductive health and rights domestically and internationally.NKF worked to abolish the practice of government-sanctioned prostitution in the 19th century, but the association has focused less on this topic than radical organizations in the modern era.Alan Soble notes that "contemporary liberal feminists object to prostitution (...) primarily because much of it involves coercion and choices that are not autonomous.Among NKF's sister organizations within IAW there are differing opinions on whether criminalization is an appropriate means to help people exit prostitution and combat human trafficking."[35] NKF's largest chapter, its Oslo branch, noted that "the anti-gender movement is now working systematically in a number of countries and in several international forums to reverse and undermine the rights of both women and sexual minorities" and that the association "stands in solidarity with international women's rights and LGBT+ organizations in the fight against these setbacks.NKF states that the sunflower represents the association's "roots in the first wave of feminism and our systematic work since 1884 to promote gender equality through constructive political reforms within the framework of liberal democracy".[39] It was also a leading journal of literary criticism; Marius Wulfsberg has stated that "it was Gina Krog and her [Nylænde] reviewers who really made Ibsen famous.The editors of Kvinnesaksnytt included Ingerid Gjøstein Resi, Marit Aarum, Eva Kolstad, Kari Skjønsberg, Karin M. Bruzelius, Torild Skard and Margunn Bjørnholt.
MajorstuenGina KrogHagbart BernerGender equalityLaw reformpolitical advocacyAnne Hege GrungInternational Alliance of WomenNorwegianNorwaywomen's and girls' rightshuman rightspoliticallegal reformliberal democracypolitical organizationLiberal Partyintersectionalprogressivemainstream liberal feminismLeague of Women Votersbourgeois-liberalbig tentcentre-leftcentre-rightright to educationright to voteright to workGender Equality OmbudNorwegian Women's Public Health Associationfirst-wavestate feminismliberal internationalistEva KolstadUnited NationsCEDAW Committeegeneral consultative statusUnited Nations Economic and Social CouncilCouncil of EuropeNational Organization for WomenstylizedsunflowerAmerican suffrage movementMember of ParliamentDagbladetNational Woman Suffrage AssociationAlexander KiellandAnna StangRandi BlehrFredrikke Marie QvamCamilla CollettNissen's Girls' SchoolNyt TidsskriftFrancis HagerupAnnæus Johannes Schjødtwomen's suffrageequal schoolingNational Association for Women's SuffrageNorwegian National Women's CouncilhumanitarianUnited Nations Commission on the Status of WomenKarin M. BruzeliusSigrun HoelPermanent SecretaryTV-aksjonenForum for Women and DevelopmentTorild SkardUNICEFNorwegian Women's LobbyMargunn BjørnholtMarit Nybakkliberal feminismnon-partisanLabour PartySocialist Left PartyGreen PartyConservative PartyCentre Partycentre groundKarin Maria BruzeliusIcelandic Women's Rights AssociationDanish Women's SocietyFredrika Bremer AssociationDeutscher FrauenringAll India Women's ConferenceMargarete BonnevieClara OttesenJoint Organization of Nordic Women's Rights Associationsbourgois-liberalHarriet Bjerrum Nielsengender equaleconomic justiceviolence against girls and womenforeignwomen-focused development projectsNorwegian official foreign policyWesternCold WarNorwegian Red CrossSwedendissolution of the countries' unionNorwegian membership in the European UnionEuropean Movementanti-nuclearSex og politikkviolence against womenliberal women's rights movementLGBT+ rightssexual orientationhomophobiatransphobiagay rightsAnne Hellumhate speechanti-gender movementLiberalRagna NielsenRiksmålsforbundetAnna BuggeAadel LampeFree-Minded LiberalFredrikke MørckAnna HvoslefAftenpostenConservativeKitty Bugge