's appearance in Pokémon Red and Blue was one of the most famous video game glitches and commented on its role in increasing the series' popularity.[5] The glitch was not removed from the 2016[6] re-releases of Pokémon Red and Blue on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console, so players can still encounter MissingNo.Finally, the player uses a Pokémon with the "Surf" move to travel up and down on the eastern shore of the island until a MissingNo.Due to the player character's name not being intended to be read as this kind of data, the game can attempt to generate an encounter with a Pokémon with an invalid identifier, such as MissingNo.[10] After an encounter with MissingNo., the quantity of the sixth item in the player's inventory is increased by 128,[12][13] and the game's Hall of Fame Pokémon gallery becomes glitched.[11] Temporary graphical glitches may also occur,[11] which can be removed by viewing the statistics page for another non-glitched Pokémon or resetting the console.a "programming quirk", Nintendo warned against encountering it, saying players could possibly have to restart the game from the beginning to remove the graphical glitches.[23] In a 2019 comment provided to Ars Technica, Wilma Bainbridge, then a post-doctoral fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health, expressed her belief that MissingNo.In the 2004 book Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon, professor of education Julian Sefton-Green noticed that in his study of his son's reaction to MissingNo.[25] In a 2017 article, University of Portsmouth professor Lincoln Geraghty examined fan theories that the glitch was a cut Pokémon related to the Pokémon Kangaskhan and Cubone, describing the theory as "an established work of fanon";[26] he further elaborated in a 2019 Ars Technica article that "fans' desire to incorporate MissingNo[.][11] In the same article, Newman argued that the existence of such fan theories "reveals a belief in the fundamental reality of Pokémon as entities that are given an opportunity to show themselves through the game, rather than being constructed out of code".[27] In an essay published in the 2021 book Miscommunications: Errors, Mistakes, Media, Nele Van De Mosselaer and Nathan Wildman argue that video game glitches such as MissingNo.
American sociologist William Sims Bainbridge and his daughter studied how players reacted to glitches like MissingNo.