Kahramanmaraş
After 1973, Maraş was officially named Kahramanmaraş with the prefix kahraman (Turkish word meaning "heroic") to commemorate the Battle of Marash.[12] Maraş was called Germanicia Caesarea (Ancient Greek: Γερμανίκεια, Germanikeia) in the time of the Roman and Byzantine empires, probably after Germanicus Julius Caesar rather than the German people.[14] The city was lost to the Arabs in the 7th century and during the rule of al-Mansur the whole Christian population of the Germanikeia valley was deported and resettled at Ramla in Palestine.[16] After Philaretos' death, another Armenian general named Tatoul took over the city and hosted the exhausted army of the First Crusade for four days before it moved on to the Siege of Antioch.In the early days of Ottoman rule (1525–6) there were 1,557 adult males (total population 7,500); at this time all the inhabitants were Muslims,[20] but later a substantial number of non-Muslims migrated to the city, mainly in the 19th century.The transfer of command took place on 4 November, but Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch's promise to reinforce the existing forces in the area with at least 32 infantry battalions, 20 cavalry squadrons and 14 artillery batteries went unfulfilled.The French units were thus deprived of armoured cars and air support and lacked automatic weapons, heavy artillery and even wireless transmitters and carrier pigeons.[26] On the first day of the French occupation, he was able to telegraph with Mustafa Kemal and succeeded in requesting support from the Turkish National Forces in Marash, though they would not arrive in time for the battle.According to his account, "Hovnan Pasha had summoned several of the new Armenian recruits and demanded that my blood should not be allowed to dry without being avenged on that very Sunday afternoon...A committee of eight was decided upon, and all members took this vow:"For the security of our Nation we swear to Allah to sacrifice our lives; and to punish by death —even if it should be our brothers—any treachery made against our organization; and to guard all secrets".[36][37] The very first shots fired were witnessed by nurse Osanna Maksudian, who "noted a Turkish gendarme escorting four Muslim women to a house.[39][40] Lieutenant Colonel Thibault recorded that General Querette was head of much of the operations, and told ordered his men to flush out enemy troops from the houses, though Turkish rebels would adopt this strategy to greater success using fire rather than cannons.[41] Turkish rebels threw kerosene-doused rags on Armenian houses and laid a constant barrage upon the American relief hospital.[46] Recruitment for the occupying forces began at Fort Said, and Stanley Kerr states that the motivation for many joining up was "revenge for the cruel deportation and massacres".[57] Upon hearing this news, an Armenian pastor recounted:The Armenians—learning that the city was now evacuated by the Turks—rushed out from their imprisonment and began to help themselves to everything they could carry out of the empty Turkish houses."[60] According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle, but were ultimately victorious against French forces.[61] The battle was won by the Turkish National Movement on 12 February without outside support arriving, and is commemorated by the naming of Onikişubat, a district of Marash.[64] In February 2023, a powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to the city, leaving more than 50,000 people dead.[81][1] In February 2023, a powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to the city and leaving more than 50,000 people dead.
Marash (disambiguation)Maraş (disambiguation)Metropolitan municipalityCountryTurkeyRegionMediterraneanProvinceKahramanmaraşTime zoneArea codeLicence plateTurkishArmenianMediterranean regionKahramanmaraş provinceBattle of MarashMount Ahır2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakesPazarcıkElbistanCeyhan RiverElbistan PlainMediterranean climateKöppenTrewarthacontinental influencesprecipitationrelative humiditysunshine hoursTurkish State Meteorological ServiceIron AgeSyro-Hittite stateGurgumHieroglyphic LuwianLuwianAssyriansAssyrianAncient GreekByzantineGermanicusCumhuriyeteparchFirst Council of Niceaal-MansurPalestineArmeniansPhilaretos BrachamiosAntiochEdessaTatoulFirst CrusadeSiege of AntiochMatthew of Edessait was destroyed by an earthquakeMareriDanishmendsSeljuksCrusadersTancredToros ICilician ArmeniaMuslim conscriptionWorld War OneDavid Lloyd GeorgeGeorges ClemenceauFerdinand Fochbattalionssquadronsartillery batteriescarrier pigeonsFirst World WarBritishFrenchArmistice of MudrosErzurum CongressMustafa KemalSütçü İmam incidentclandestine cell systemgendarmeriekeroseneStanley KerrArmenian ApostolicArmenian EvangelicalAmerican Board of Commissioners for Foreign MissionsTurkish National MovementOnikişubatFranco-Turkish WarTurkish War of IndependenceTreaty of LausanneTurkish RepublicTurkish Medal of IndependenceİneboluMaraş MassacreleftistAlevisTurkish nationalistGrey Wolvesmilitary coup in 19807.8 magnitude earthquakeDiocese of MarashMark SykesdondurmaTurkish Ice CreamYedikuyular Ski ResortLeo IIINestoriusreligiousVeysi KaynakMahir ÜnalBen BagdikianMike GulianEmine HatunSerdar BilgiliSoner SarikabadayiNecip Fazıl KısakürekHasibe ErenŞeref EroğluGeorge E. Whitewitness to the Armenian GenocideNecmettin HacıeminoğluAnatolian TigersCilicia WarDomuztepeDulkadiroğlu, KahramanmaraşKahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University (KSU)