M. N. Roy
In the aftermath of World War II Roy moved away from orthodox Marxism to espouse the philosophy of radical humanism, attempting to chart a third course between liberalism and communism.[1] Post-independence and Cold War Contemporary history Narendra Nath "Naren" Bhattacharya was born on 21 March 1887 in Arbelia, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, near Calcutta (Kolkata).[2] Towards the end of the 19th century, revolutionary nationalism began to spread among the educated middle classes of Bengal, inspired by the writings of Bankim and Vivekananda.[7] Members included Satkori Banerjee (Bandhopadhyay), brothers Saileshvar and Shyamsundar Bose, Roy's cousins Phani and Narendra Chakravarti, and Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi, an organiser of the Anushilan Samiti in Chinsura.A mass movement aimed at annulling the partition emerged, giving radical nationalists like Roy an opportunity to build broader support.[8] Following his high school expulsion for organising a meeting and a march against the partition, Roy and Chakravarti moved to Kolkata and joined the Anushilans.Defended by J. N. Roy (close friend of Bagha Jatin) and Promothonath Mukherjee, he was released on bail, thanks to his reputation as a student and social worker."[12]Last minute however, the money failed to materialise and the German Consul General had seemingly vanished the day when he was to issue orders for the plan, Roy recalls.[15] When he learned he was going to be served formal notice to leave Japan, not wishing to be deported to Shanghai, Roy immediately left the country and arrived in Korea.[20] Although they knew he was on the ship, British colonial authorities stopping the vessel in international waters were unable to locate Roy hidden in a secret compartment.[22] Posing as a seminary student bound for Paris, Roy obtained an American visa, bought a ticket, and sailed for San Francisco.[22] During his stay in Palo Alto, a period of about two months, Roy met his future wife, Evelyn Leonora Trent (alias Shanthi Devi).[further explanation needed] Mexican president Venustiano Carranza and other liberal thinkers appreciated Roy's contributions to the El Pueblo newspaper.In October 1920, as he formed the Communist Party of India, he contacted his revolutionary colleagues who, at this time, were determining allegiances between Radicalism (Jugantar) and Mohandas K. Gandhi's novel programme.Leading a Comintern delegation appointed by Joseph Stalin to develop an agrarian revolution in China, Roy reached Canton in February 1927.[29] Upon reaching Bombay, Roy met with Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose, the former of whom recalled that despite significant political differences, "I was attracted to him by his remarkable intellectual capacity.[29] Roy was taken to Kanpur to face charges under Section 121-A of the Indian Penal Code which was "conspiring to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty in India.[32] Dismal prison conditions took a severe toll on Roy's health, and he suffered lasting damage to his heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive tract as a result of his time behind bars.In April 1937, his weekly Independent India appeared and was welcomed by progressive leaders like Bose and Nehru, however was criticised by Gandhi and the staunch Communists who accused Roy of deviation.Disillusioned with both bourgeois democracy and communism, he devoted the last years of his life to the formulation of an alternative philosophy which he called Radical Humanism and of which he wrote a detailed exposition in Reason, Romanticism and Revolution.The half was Joseph Stalin....[38]With the declaration of World War II, Roy (in a similar position as Sri Aurobindo) condemned the rising totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy, instead supporting England and France in the fight against fascism.Noted personalities like T. M. Tarkunde, Govardhandas Parekh, V. B. Karnik, Sunil Bhattacharya, B. R. Sunthankar, Saleel Wagh, V. R. Jawahire and Dr. Nalini Taralekar were influenced by M. N. Roy and his philosophy.
Bengal PresidencyBritish IndiaWest BengalDehradunUttar PradeshIndianJadavpur UniversityCommunist University of the Toilers of the EastJugantarCommunist Party of IndiaMexican Communist PartyRadical Democratic PartyIndian Independence movementIndian revolutionary movementHindu–German ConspiracyIndian revolutionaryradical activistpolitical theoristCommunist Internationalaftermath of World War IIorthodox Marxismradical humanismliberalismcommunismCommunism in IndiaM. P. T. AcharyaSahajanand SaraswatiShripad Amrit DangeAbani MukherjiYashpalA. K. GopalanB. T. RanadiveNripen ChakrabortyP. Krishna PillaiPuran Chand JoshiDamodar Dharmananda KosambiBhagat SinghAjoy GhoshE. M. S. NamboodiripadS.K. LimayePromode DasguptaV. SubbiahPuchalapalli SundarayyaKondapalli SeetharamaiahSaroj DuttaJyoti BasuBhupesh GuptaHare Krishna KonarDasarath DebHarkishan Singh SurjeetT. Nagi ReddyJagjit Singh LyallpuriCharu MajumdarIndrajit GuptaE. K. NayanarShibdas GhoshV. S. AchuthanandanGeeta MukherjeeMohit SenA. G. NooraniBiman BoseBuddhadeb BhattacharjeePinarayi VijayanVinod MishraManik SarkarD. RajaGanapathyKobad GhandyBikash Ranjan BhattacharyaSitaram YechuryAnuradha GhandyMohammed SalimCommunism in the independence movementPeshawarKanpur BolshevikMeerutKakori conspiracyFoundation of the CPITanka movementQuit India MovementTelangana Rebellion1946 Naval UprisingTebhaga movementPunnapra-Vayalar uprising2nd Congress of the CPIGoa liberation movement1957 general election in KeralaAngamaly police firingSino-Indian border dispute1964 split in the CPIHistoric Eight DocumentsNaxalite–Maoist insurgencyNaxalbari uprisingTimelineTripuraRajan caseOperation BargaLeft Democratic FrontIndravelli massacreBara massacreLaxmanpur Bathe massacreMaoism in the Nandigram violenceSalwa Judum2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valleyMarxism–LeninismMaoismMarxism–Leninism–MaoismStalinismMarxist feminismMarxist humanismNational communismPrimitive communismTrotskyismAgrarian socialismAnti-fascismAnti-imperialismClass conflictLand reformin KeralaLeft-wing nationalismLeft-wing populismPeople's warProletarian internationalismRevolutionary socialismWelfareCPI(M)