Suffrage
Suffragium was used in the fifth and sixth centuries with connection to buying influence or profiteering from appointing to office, and eventually the word referred to the bribe itself."[13] Other common uses of the term today have less resemblance to the original meaning as they are associated with a corporation or organization selling limited autonomy to run a part of its operation (such as a sports team or restaurant).[14] The trend towards universal suffrage has progressed in some democracies by eliminating some or all of the voting restrictions due to gender, race, religion, social status, education level, wealth, citizenship, ability and age.In 1819, 60–80,000 women and men from 30 miles around Manchester assembled in the city's St. Peter's Square to protest their lack of any representation in the Houses of Parliament.Short-lived suffrage equity was drafted into provisions of the State of New Jersey's first, 1776 Constitution, which extended the Right to Vote to unwed female landholders and black land owners.That all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money, clear estate in the same, and have resided within the county in which they claim a vote for twelve months immediately preceding the election, shall be entitled to vote for Representatives in Council and Assembly; and also for all other public officers, that shall be elected by the people of the county at large.New Jersey 1776However, the document did not specify an Amendment procedure, and the provision was subsequently replaced in 1844 by the adoption of the succeeding constitution, which reverted to "all white male" suffrage restrictions.The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire was the first nation to allow all women to both vote and run for parliament.Political cartoons displayed the most sentiment by portraying the issue of women's suffrage to be swapped with men's lives.In local government in England and some of its ex-colonies, businesses formerly had, and in some places still have, a vote in the urban area in which they paid rates.This has given business interests within the City of London, which is a major financial centre with few residents, the opportunity to apply the accumulated wealth of the corporation to the development of an effective lobby for UK policies.[45] In ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote.Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though various forms of parliament arose at different times.[48] Most recently, in 2011 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia let women vote in the 2015 local elections (and from then on) and be appointed to the Consultative Assembly.In England and Ireland, several Acts practically disenfranchised non-Anglicans or non-Protestants by imposing an oath before admission to vote or to stand for office.An attempt was made to change this situation, but the Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 provoked such reactions that it was repealed the following year.In several states in the U.S. after the Declaration of Independence, Jews, Quakers or Catholics were denied voting rights and/or forbidden to run for office.[49] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that:[50]Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house, or appointed to any office or place of trust, before taking his seat, or entering upon the execution of his office, shall (...) also make and subscribe the following declaration, to wit: I, A B. do profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only Son, and in the Holy Ghost, one God, blessed for evermore; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration.This was repealed by article I, section 2 of the 1792 Constitution: "No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under this State".[54] In Canada, several religious groups (Mennonites, Hutterites, Doukhobors) were disenfranchised by the wartime Elections Act of 1917, mainly because they opposed military service.[57] Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, many nations made voters pay to elect officials, keeping impoverished people from being fully enfranchised.These laws were in effect in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[61][clarification needed] In the 20th century, many countries other than the US placed voting restrictions on illiterate people, including: Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.This has been achieved in a number of ways: All modern democracies require voters to meet age qualifications to vote.Only (former) foreigners who had been granted grande naturalisation were entitled to vote, be a candidate for parliamentary elections, or be appointed minister.The European Union has given the right to vote in municipal elections to the citizen of another EU country by the Council Directive 94/80/EG from 19 December 1994.[99] Since the very first Indian general election held in 1951–52, universal suffrage for all adult citizens aged 21 or older was established under Article 326 of the Constitution of India.King Henry VI of England established in 1432 that only owners of property worth at least forty shillings, a significant sum, were entitled to vote in an English county constituency.In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote (about 6% of the population).
Universal suffrageRight to VoteNational Union of Women's Suffrage SocietiesThe Franchise (disambiguation)identity document2014 Indian general electionpublic, political electionsreferendumspassive suffragedirect democracypopular initiativesfederal governmentReferendums in the United Kingdomresidencycitizenship statusguardianshipNon-resident citizen votingemigrantsexpatsnon-citizens can voteMultiple citizenshipfranchisePeterloo MassacrecitizenshipCorsican RepublicSt. Peter's SquareRobert PoolePeterlooGreater ManchesterParis CommuneFrancevilleKingdom of Hawai'ioverthrown in a coupNew ZealandFreedom in the WorldWomen's suffragesuffragettesNew Jerseysucceeding constitutionSouth Australiaright to both vote and stand for ParliamentGrand Duchy of FinlandRussian EmpirecaricaturesparliamentPeople's History MuseumManchesterHilda DallasWeighted votingNomination ruleselectionspolitical partyfree and fair electionsactive suffrageage of a candidatecivil rightsJacksonian reformsCompulsory suffragePlural votingFunctional constituency (Hong Kong)Indirectly elected memberlocal government in Englandnatural personslegal personsCorporation of the City of LondonCity of London (Ward Elections) Act 2002City of Londonfinancial centreCity RemembrancerCity's Cashparliamentary agentHouse of CommonsSpeakerNorthern Ireland civil rights movementRepublic of Irelandplebiscitesname of the locality or streetbusiness improvement districtDublin City Councilmunicipalities in DelawareDisenfranchisementClevelandAthensabbessesCatholic ChurchFirst NationsIroquoismatrilinealkinship systeminternational lawEleanor RooseveltUnited NationsUniversal Declaration of Human RightsUnited Nations General AssemblyConvention on the Political Rights of WomenBhutanKing Abdullah2015 local electionsConsultative AssemblyReformationreligious denominationsGreat BritainIrelandTest ActsDisenfranchising ActJewish Naturalization Act 1753NonconformistsMethodistsPresbyteriansBritish House of CommonsRoman Catholic Relief Act 1829Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791Emancipation of the Jews in EnglandBenjamin DisraeliDeclaration of IndependenceQuakersDelaware Constitution of 17761792 ConstitutionConstitution of the State of South CarolinaConstitution of the State of GeorgiaMarylandCanadaMennonitesHutteritesDoukhoborsRomania