Legislative Council of Hong Kong
It sits under China's "one country, two systems" constitutional arrangement, and is the power centre of Hong Kong's hybrid representative democracy, though popular representation in the legislature has diminished significantly in recent years, along with its political diversity.[2][3] The functions of the Legislative Council are to enact, amend or repeal laws; examine and approve budgets, taxation and public expenditure; and raise questions on the work of the government.[6] The 2021 changes resulted in a drop in the share of directly elected representatives from 50% to 22% and an increase in the overall number of seats from 70 to 90, along with the establishment of a screening committee to vet candidates.[5] A parallel Provisional Legislative Council was put in place by China from 1996 to 1998 to pass laws in anticipation of the Hong Kong handover.Instead, the Beijing government resolved to set up an alternative legislative council in preparation for the return of Hong Kong sovereignty from Britain to China.Article 68 of the Hong Kong Basic Law states that the ultimate aim is the election of all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage.In November, in Beijing's fifth interpretation of the Basic Law since the 1997 handover, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) disqualified two pro-independence legislators from assuming public office pursuant to Article 104.[14] Returning officers also disqualified certain candidates who had advocated for Hong Kong self-determination, with or without option for independence, from running in the following by-elections; the government expressed support for such decisions.[15][16] The 2019 amendment of the extradition bill caused an historic political upheaval, where intensive protests erupted throughout the city in the latter half of the year, including the storming of the Legislative Council Complex on the 22nd anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong on 1 July.[12][18] In a November decision, the NPCSC disqualified LegCo members on grounds such as Hong Kong independence, Chinese sovereignty, and solicitation of foreign intervention, impacting four sitting legislators whose candidacies had been invalidated in the postponed election.[20] In March 2021, China's National People's Congress passed a resolution that authorised an overhaul of Hong Kong's electoral system, including that of the Legislative Council.[26] In September 2023, a report found that at least 66% of all bills that were passed were done with less than half of all Legislative Council members present, below the 50% attendance threshold for a quorum.[27] The first meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, from 1844 to 1846, were likely convened in the residence of Governor Pottinger (later to be the French Mission Building), still standing at Government Hill.From 1848 to 1954 (interrupted by renovation in 1928-9 and the Japanese occupation in 1941–5), it was housed on the upper floor of the Colonial Secretariat Building, Lower Albert Road, replaced in 1957 by the Annex to the Central Government Offices Main Wing, on the same site.All members are listed by seniority according to the year of the beginning of consecutive service then the order of swearing in (i.e. the number of strokes in the traditional characters of names in Chinese per precedent) with the president of the Legislative Council being ranked first.Between 1998 and 2016, the Heung Yee Kuk, Agriculture and Fisheries, Insurance, and Transport FCs where a preferential elimination system is used due to the small number of voters.In the 2021 electoral overhaul, the Election Committee constituency was reintroduced, taking 40 of the 90 seats, almost half, of the Legislative Council with plurality-at-large voting system.In order to perform the important functions of scrutinizing bills, approving public expenditure and monitoring Government's work, a committee system is established.Under the Basic Law (Article 72), the President has the powers and functions to preside over meetings, decide on the agenda, including giving priority to government bills for inclusion in the agenda, decide on the time of meetings, call special sessions during the recess, call emergency sessions on the request of the Chief Executive, and exercise other powers and functions as prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Legislative Council.[38] After the 15 December 2017 amendments to procedure, a petition is to be submitted to the House Committee only with at least 35 signatures of members, effectively blocking democrat-sponsored scrutiny of government action.The pro-Beijing camp had absolute control of the Legislative Council with the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) as the largest party.
2016 composition (70 seats)
Directly elected
geographical constituencies
(35)
Nominated by
District Councillors
, directly elected
District Council (Second)
functional constituency
(5)
Indirectly elected trade-based functional constituencies (30)
2021 composition (90 seats)
Directly elected
geographical constituencies
(20)
Indirectly elected trade-based functional constituencies (30)
Newly created
Election Committee constituency
(40)
Conservative camp
(later merged into Pro-Beijing camp)
Unaffiliated members
Ex-officio members
7th Legislative Council of Hong Kong7th Legislative CouncilUnicameralcolonialprovisionalProvisional Legislative CouncilPresidentAndrew LeungPro-BeijingLiberalRoundtableNew ProspectNew ForumIndependentCentristThird SideVoting systemMultiple non-transferable voteFirst-past-the-postSingle non-transferable vote19 December 2021Legislative Council ComplexCentral & Western DistrictHong KongTraditional ChineseSimplified ChineseStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBopomofoWade–GilesTongyong PinyinYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationJyutpingChineseThe Legislative Council BuildingFrench Mission BuildingPoliticsgovernmentBasic LawDrafting CommitteeConsultative CommitteeArticle 232020 law2024 lawArticle 45Article 46Article 69One country, two systemsSino–British Joint DeclarationCriminal lawCapital punishment in Hong KongCriminal procedureJury systemLaw enforcement in Hong KongHuman rightsLGBT rights in Hong KongInternet censorship in Hong KongExecutiveChief ExecutiveJohn LeeOffice of the Chief ExecutiveCommittee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSARPrincipal officialsChief SecretaryEric ChanFinancial SecretaryPaul ChanSecretary for JusticePaul LamExecutive CouncilRegina IpGovernment SecretariatGovernment agenciesCivil Service BureauConstitutional and Mainland Affairs BureauRegistration and Electoral OfficeCulture, Sports and Tourism BureauLeisure and Cultural Services DepartmentEducation BureauEnvironment and Ecology BureauEnvironmental Protection DepartmentAgriculture, Fisheries and Conservation DepartmentFood and Environmental Hygiene DepartmentHong Kong ObservatoryHealth BureauDepartment of HealthHome and Youth Affairs BureauHome Affairs DepartmentInformation Services DepartmentLabour and Welfare BureauSocial Welfare DepartmentSecurity BureauHong Kong Police ForceHong Kong Fire Services DepartmentCorrectional Services DepartmentCustoms and Excise DepartmentImmigration DepartmentGovernment Flying ServiceCivil Aid ServiceAuxiliary Medical ServiceTransport and Logistics BureauTransport DepartmentCivil Aviation DepartmentHighways DepartmentMarine DepartmentHousing BureauHousing DepartmentCommerce and Economic Development BureauInvest Hong KongOffice of the Communications AuthorityPost OfficeTrade and Industry DepartmentRadio Television Hong KongDevelopment BureauArchitectural Services DepartmentBuildings DepartmentCivil Engineering and Development DepartmentDrainage Services DepartmentElectrical and Mechanical Services DepartmentLands DepartmentLand RegistryWater Supplies DepartmentFinancial Services and the Treasury BureauCensus and Statistics DepartmentCompanies Registry