University of Paris
A few of the colleges of the time are still visible close to the Panthéon and Jardin du Luxembourg: Collège des Bernardins (18 rue de Poissy, 5th arr.This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for justice.Not content with the courses at Liège, he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching.Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the eleventh century include Lambert, disciple of Fulbert of Chartres; Drogo of Paris; Manegold of Germany; and Anselm of Laon.These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Bishop of Kraków; Gebbard, Archbishop of Salzburg; St. Stephen, third Abbot of Cîteaux; Robert d'Arbrissel, founder of the Abbey of Fontevrault etc.Before the end of the twelfth century, the Decretals of Gerard La Pucelle, Mathieu d'Angers, and Anselm (or Anselle) of Paris, were added to the Decretum Gratiani.Noted German and English students included Otto of Freisingen, Cardinal Conrad, Archbishop of Mainz, St. Thomas of Canterbury, and John of Salisbury; while Ste-Geneviève became practically the seminary for Denmark.To allow poor students to study the first college des dix-Huit was founded by a knight returning from Jerusalem called Josse of London for 18 scholars who received lodgings and 12 pence or denarii a month.Alban wrote that Henry II, King of England, in his difficulties with St. Thomas of Canterbury, wanted to submit his cause to a tribunal composed of professors of Paris, chosen from various provinces (Hist.The three schools: Notre-Dame, Sainte-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, may be regarded as the triple cradle of the Universitas scholarium, which included masters and students; hence the name University.In 1200, King Philip II issued a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris," which affirmed that students were subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.The pope intervened with a bull that began with lavish praise of the university: "Paris", said Gregory IX, "mother of the sciences, is another Cariath-Sepher, city of letters".He commissioned the Bishops of Le Mans and Senlis and the Archdeacon of Châlons to negotiate with the French Court for the restoration of the university, but by the end of 1230 they had accomplished nothing.Most importantly, the pope granted the university the right to suspend its courses, if justice were denied it, until it should receive full satisfaction.Simon de Brion, legate of the Holy See in France, realizing that such frequent changes caused serious inconvenience, decided that the rectorate should last three months, and this rule was observed for three years.Professors of the same science were brought into closer contact until the community of rights and interests cemented the union and made them distinct groups.This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if Robert de Courçon had not found the remedy of taxation.Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other collegia provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations.In the fifteenth century, Guillaume d'Estouteville, a cardinal and Apostolic legate, reformed the university, correcting its perceived abuses and introducing various modifications.Nonetheless, and as to the faculty of arts, the reform of 1600 introduced the study of Greek, of French poets and orators, and of additional classical figures like Hesiod, Plato, Demosthenes, Cicero, Virgil, and Sallust.Besides its teaching, the University of Paris played an important part in several disputes: in the Church, during the Great Schism; in the councils, in dealing with heresies and divisions; in the State, during national crises.Proud of its rights and privileges, the University of Paris fought energetically to maintain them, hence the long struggle against the mendicant orders on academic as well as on religious grounds.During the captivity of King John, when Paris was given over to factions, the university sought to restore peace; and under Louis XIV, when the Spaniards crossed the Somme and threatened the capital, it placed two hundred men at the king's disposal and offered the Master of Arts degree gratuitously to scholars who should present certificates of service in the army (Jourdain, Hist.On 15 September 1793, petitioned by the Department of Paris and several departmental groups, the National Convention decided that independently of the primary schools, "there should be established in the Republic three progressive degrees of instruction; the first for the knowledge indispensable to artisans and workmen of all kinds; the second for further knowledge necessary to those intending to embrace the other professions of society; and the third for those branches of instruction the study of which is not within the reach of all men".Measures were to be taken immediately: "For means of execution the department and the municipality of Paris are authorized to consult with the Committee of Public Instruction of the National Convention, in order that these establishments shall be put in action by 1 November next, and consequently colleges now in operation and the faculties of theology, medicine, arts, and law are suppressed throughout the Republic".To accommodate this rapid growth, the government hastily developed bare-bones off-site faculties as annexes of existing universities (roughly equivalent to American satellite campuses).These faculties did not have university status of their own and lacked academic traditions and amenities to support student life or resident professors.One-third of all French university students ended up in these new faculties, and were ripe for radicalization as a result of being forced to pursue their studies in such shabby conditions.[15] In 1966, after a student revolt in Paris, Christian Fouchet, minister of education, proposed "the reorganisation of university studies into separate two- and four-year degrees, alongside the introduction of selective admission criteria" as a response to overcrowding in lecture halls.[16] As explained by Bill Readings: De Gaulle responded on May 24 by calling for a referendum, and [...] the revolutionaries, led by informal action committees, attacked and burned the Paris Stock Exchange in response.The Sorbonne has also educated leaders of Albania, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guinea, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Tunisia, and Niger among others.
FrenchCoat of armsCorporativepublic universityHigh Middle Agescathedral schoolFrancemetonymicallyFrench Revolutioncorporationsecond-oldest university in EuropecharteredKing Philip IIPope Innocent IIICollege of SorbonneRobert de SorbonKing Louis IXhumanitiesMiddle Agestheologyphilosophydoctoral degreesstudent nationsroyaltyPanthéonJardin du LuxembourgCollège des Bernardins5th arr.Hôtel de Cluny6th arr.University of FranceFaculty of HumanitiesFaculty of LawFaculty of MedicineliteratureProtestant theologyFélix Faurecivil unrest of May 1968Sorbonne UniversityPanthéon-Sorbonne UniversityAssas UniversitySorbonne Nouvelle UniversityParis Cité UniversityPSL UniversitySaclay UniversityNanterre UniversitySorbonne Paris North UniversityParis-East Créteil UniversityParis 8 UniversityChancellerie des Universités de ParisSorbonneMatthew ParisSt AlbansCollège des Dix-HuitPhilippe-AugusteNotre-Dame Cathedral schoolfacultiesnationesUniversity of BolognatonsureCollege of the EighteenCollege of NavarreMedicineDivinityEducationGovernmentBusinessSainte-Geneviève AbbeyLiègeFulbert of ChartresManegold of GermanyAnselm of LaonSt. Stanislaus of SzczepanówGebbard, Archbishop of SalzburgSt. Stephen, third Abbot of CîteauxRobert d'ArbrisselAbbey of FontevraultWilliam of ChampeauxAbélardPeter Lombardgrammarrhetoricdialecticsarithmeticgeometryastronomytriviumquadriviumdogmaticmoral theologyCanon lawHugh of St. VictorRichard of St. VictorBologneseDecretum GratianiRoman lawOrléansDecretalsGerard La Pucellecivil lawexaminationlicencechancellorCreviera certain AdamPetit PontPont-au-Changeprinces of the bloodCelestine IIAdrian IVInnocent IIIAlexander IIIOtto of FreisingenCardinal Conrad, Archbishop of MainzSt. Thomas of CanterburyJohn of SalisburyDenmarkAthensAlexandriades dix-HuitJohn of CellesHenry II, King of EnglandHenry DenifleRobert de CourçonUniversity of Paris strike of 1229Gregory IX