Internet in Israel
[4] Internet in Israel is provided through the phone, cable and direct fiber to the home (FTTH) infrastructures, by Bezeq, Hot, IBC and Partner.Until 1997, most domestic Internet traffic was routed either directly between ISPs, or through the Israeli universities' academic network operated by the IUCC.[6] Bezeq, the major local exchange carrier, began rolling out their Next Generation Network (NGN) in 2009 with theoretical speeds up to 100 Mbit/s by using a combination of fiber to the curb (FTTC) and ADSL2+/VDSL2 technologies.In 2014, Israel Broadband Company (IBC) began laying the country's first FTTH infrastructure in Beersheba, through its Unlimited venture.[13] The Ministry of Communications agreed that these infrastructure providers would not need to reach all Israeli households, but that they would contribute to a national fund to subsidize smaller companies that would deploy fiber to less economically viable areas.The three largest mobile phone carriers, Pelephone, Partner, and Cellcom, offer HSPDA service, typically 24 Mbit/s, over their respective 3G networks as well.[citation needed] Partner was the first provider to operate a consumer 4G (LTE) network,[19] reaching a theoretical symmetrical speed of 100 Mbit/s.[36] In 2012, the court ruled both that blocking websites, in principle, violated freedom of speech laws; and that the police directive itself was illegal.