The first population census known to be done in which is the Portugal of today was done in the year 1 AD by order of the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus, covering the province of Lusitania.After the foundation of the independent Portugal, many census were done, one of the first relevant known being the Roll of the Crossbowmen done in the 13th century by order of King Afonso III.The first modern census in Portugal, done accordingly with the scientific methodology established by the First International Statistical Congress, was carried out in 1864.INE is installed in an Art Deco building, designed specifically to serve as its headquarters by architect Porfírio Pardal Monteiro in 1931.Being a landmark of the early 20th century Portuguese modern architecture, INE's headquarters was classified as a public interest monument in 2013.