Guan Qiao
[citation needed] Guan was born in Taiyuan, Shanxi, on July 2, 1935, while his ancestral home is in Xiangfen County.After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out in 1937, Shanxi was colonised by the Imperial Japanese Army, Guan fled to Shaanxi with his mother and lived in a cave in the mountains of Yichuan County.[1] He returned to China in 1959 and had a brief assignment to the Ninth Research Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry [zh] as a welder.When he returned to China, he served as a senior engineer at the Beijing Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Research Institute (BAMTRI) (now AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute).Guan was a deputy to the 11th, 12th and 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.