Streptococcus pyogenes
They are clinically important for humans, as they are an infrequent, but usually pathogenic, part of the skin microbiota that can cause group A streptococcal infection.The PYR test allows for the differentiation of Streptococcus pyogenes from other morphologically similar beta-hemolytic streptococci (including S. dysgalactiae subsp.Streptococcal pharyngitis occurs most frequently in late winter to early spring in most countries as indoor spaces are used more often and thus more crowded.[9] The risk of sepsis is relatively high compared to other bacterial infections acquired during pregnancy, and S. pyogenes is a leading cause of septic shock and death in pregnant and postpartum women.[10] In 1928, Rebecca Lancefield published a method for serotyping S. pyogenes based on its cell-wall polysaccharide,[11] a virulence factor displayed on its surface.[12] Later, in 1946, Lancefield described the serologic classification of S. pyogenes isolates based on components of their surface pili (known as the T-antigen)[13] which are used by bacteria to attach to host cells.Complete genome sequences of the type strain of S. pyogenes (NCTC 8198T = CCUG 4207T) are available in DNA Data Bank of Japan, European Nucleotide Archive, and GenBank under the accession numbers LN831034 and CP028841.In the biofilm gene expression for multiple purposes (such as defending against the host immune system) is controlled via quorum sensing.RopB is another Rgg-like protein (Rgg1) that directly activates SpeB (Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B), a cysteine protease that acts as a virulence factor.S. pyogenes invasion and multiplication in the fascia beneath the skin can lead to necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threatening surgical emergency.[39][40][41] The bacteria may start to cause disease when the host's immune system weakens, such as during a viral respiratory infection, which may lead to S. pyogenes superinfection.[2] S. pyogenes can also cause disease in the form of post-infectious "non-pyogenic" (not associated with local bacterial multiplication and pus formation) syndromes.[43] There is a polyvalent inactivated vaccine against several types of Streptococcus including S. pyogenes called " vacuna antipiogena polivalente BIOL" it is recommended an administration in a series of 5 weeks.[45] Many S. pyogenes proteins have unique properties, which have been harnessed in recent years to produce a highly specific "superglue"[46][47] and a route to enhance the effectiveness of antibody therapy.
Scientific classificationBacteriaBacillotaBacilliLactobacillalesStreptococcaceaeStreptococcusBinomial namespeciesGram-positiveextracellularpathogenicskin microbiotagroup A streptococcal infectionLancefieldantigenStreptococcus dysgalactiaeStreptococcus anginosusblood agarbeta-hemolysisdestructionred blood cellsStaphylococcuscatalase testcultureddiagnostic failuresepsisscarlet feverexotoxinGram stainzoonotic transmissionrectumrespiratory dropletsobjectsStreptococcal pharyngitisgestationpostpartumseptic shockscanning electron microscopephagocytosisneutrophilRebecca LancefieldvirulenceM proteinsvirulence factorsbacterial capsulehyaluronic acidneutrophilsM proteinlipoteichoic acidopsonizationcomplement pathwayfibrinogenantibodiesimmune systemphagocytesSuperantigensstreptococcal pyrogenic exotoxinstreptopainStreptokinaseplasminogenplasminfibrinHyaluronidaseconnective tissueDNasesneutrophil extracellular trapsserine proteasespeptidasecomplement systemfasciaserine proteasechemokineDNA Data Bank of JapanEuropean Nucleotide ArchiveGenBankBiofilmsquorum sensingpharyngitisimpetigoErysipelascellulitisnecrotizing fasciitisinfection in newbornsmeningitiscommensalmicrobiomeasymptomatic carrierssuperinfectiontoxinstoxic shock syndromeautoimmunerheumatic feverpost-infectious glomerulonephritisrenal glomeruluspenicillinresistanceantibioticβ-lactamasemacrolidestetracyclinesclindamycinantibody therapyCRISPRFriedrich FehleisenFriedrich Julius RosenbachFriedrich LoefflerFrederick TwortBibcodeInfectious diseasesBacterial diseasesoptochinS. pneumoniaePneumococcal infectionViridans streptococciS. mitisS. mutansS. oralisS. sanguinisS. sobrinusS. anginosus groupbacitracinCAMP testS. agalactiaeGroup B streptococcal infectionStreptococcus iniae