Golden bull

A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine emperors and monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.It was later used by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors.However, this eventually proved disadvantageous as the Byzantines sought to restrain the efforts of foreign powers to undermine the empire.During the 12th century, the Byzantines began to insert into golden bulls sworn statements of the obligations of their negotiating partners.Such decrees were known as golden bulls in western Europe and chrysobullos logos, or chrysobulls, in the Byzantine Empire (χρυσός, chrysos, being Greek for gold).
Imperial chrysobull of Alexios III of Trebizond , 1374
The gold seal of the Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
The Golden Bull of 1242 by Béla IV to inhabitants of Zagreb in Croatia
Golden calfAlexios III of TrebizondGolden Bull of 1356Golden Bull of 1242Béla IVZagrebCroatiadecreeByzantine emperorsMiddle AgesRenaissanceHoly Roman EmperorsThe Golden Bull of 1082Alexios I KomnenosVeniceByzantine EmpireAdriatic SeaNormansPope Innocent IIBull of GnieznoGolden Bull of SicilyFrederick II, Holy Roman EmperorGolden Bull of 1213John LacklandKing John of EnglandValdemar the VictoriousDenmarkGolden Bull of BerneGolden Bull of 1222Andrew II of HungaryMagna CartaGolden Bull of 1224Saxon inhabitants of TransylvaniaGolden Bull of Riminifree royal cityGradecSamoborMongol invasion of EuropeCharles IBohemiaHoly Roman EmperorCharles UniversityPope Clement VIPragueone of the oldest universities in the worldHoly Roman Emperor Charles IVDiet of NurembergHoly Roman EmpireLeopold I, Holy Roman EmperorSilesianBreslauWrocławUniversity of BreslauBulla (seal)Papal bullLiddell, Henry GeorgeScott, RobertA Greek–English LexiconPerseus ProjectWayback MachineVjesnikCatholic Encyclopedia