Gepids
The Gepids (Latin: Gepidae, Gipedae; Ancient Greek: Γήπαιδες, romanized: Gḗpaides) were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary, and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava, and Carpathian Mountains.[2] It covered a large part of the former Roman province of Dacia, north of the Danube, and compared to other Middle Danubian kingdoms it remained relatively uninvolved with Rome.[4] Although Walter Goffart has objected that "no serious arguments substantiating the identification seem to me to have been set out", linguists interpret the "p" in Latin and Greek as an insulting Gothic nickname for the Gepids.[5] In addition to the Old English words, placename evidence in Italy, and a single medieval Latin genitive plural form "Gebodorum"[6] are taken to indicate that the "p" was really a fricative sound similar to a "b".[3] The Byzantine chronicler of the 6th century, Procopius, in his "Wars of Justinian", placed the Gepids among the "Gothic peoples" along with the Vandals, Visigoths and Goths proper, "having the same language, white bodies, blond hair and Arian form of Christianity".[15][20] Modern historians debate whether the part of Jordanes's work which described the migration from Scandza was written at least partially on the basis of Gothic oral history or whether it was an "ahistorical fabrication.For undoubtedly they too trace their origin from the stock of the Goths, but because, as I have said, gepanta means something slow and stolid, the word Gepidae arose as a gratuitous name of reproach.These words are traditionally edited by modern editors to include well-known peoples "Peuci, Grutungi, Austrogoti, Tervingi, Visi, Gipedes, Celtae etiam et Eruli".[13] Modern historians who write of the Gepids' early history sometimes apply a "mixed argumentation", combining Jordanes' narration with results of archaeological research.[13] On the basis of Jordanes' reference to the "rugged mountains" of the Gepids' land, historians locate it near the Carpathians, along the upper courses of either the Tisza or the Dniester rivers, in the late 3rd century.[36] Graves from the 4th century which yielded swords, lances and shields with iron boss were unearthed in cemeteries between the rivers Tisza and Körös (in present-day north-eastern Hungary and north-western Romania).[12][36] István Bóna writes that the spread of these cemeteries shows that the Gepids subjugated the Germanic Victohali, who had previously inhabited the same region, before expanding towards the Mureș River in the middle of the 4th century.[28][12][44] A treasure of gold jewels, which was found at Șimleu Silvaniei, was hidden in the first decades of the 5th century, most probably in connection with the struggles ending with the Gepids' subjection to the Huns, according to István Bóna.[45][47] According to Jordanes, the Gepids "by their own might won for themselves the territory of the Huns and ruled as victors over the extent of all Dacia, demanding of the Roman Empire nothing more than peace and an annual gift"[56] after their victory.[57] After the Ostrogoths left Pannonia in 473, the Gepids captured Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia), a strategically important town on the road between Italy and Constantinople.For a short time, the city of Sirmium (present-day Sremska Mitrovica) was the center of the Gepid State and the king Cunimund minted golden coins in it.[66] In 539, most of the Byzantine army was in Persia, so the Gepids and Heruls plundered Moesia, killing magister militum Calluc, while the Frankish king Theudebert I raided Northern Italy.[70] Recent excavation by the Tisza River at Szolnok brought up a Gepid nobleman from an Avar period grave who was also wearing Turkic-Avar pieces next to the traditional Germanic clothes in which he was buried.The upper class of the Gepid society had access to Thuringian brooches, amber beads, or Scandinavian belt buckles, in particular visible in the female burials, pointing at close relations with Scandinavia, Thuringia, Crimea, and the Baltic coast.[citation needed] A study done in 2022 found that from a matrilinear point of view the main mitochondrial ancestry belongs to North-western European group, in line with historical data.
East GermanicGothicGermanic paganismArianismArdaricCunimundHunnicBattle of NedaoLombardsHunnic EmpireOstrogothic KingdomPannonian AvarsKingdom of the LombardsRomaniaHungarySerbiaSirmiumAnastasius IJustin ITheodericusAncient GreekromanizedEast Germanic tribeCarpathian MountainsVandalsAttilaMiddle DanubeRoman Empireformer Roman province of DaciaConstantinopleCarpathian BasinSomeșKörösName of the GothsOld EnglishWidsithBeowulfWalter Goffartgenitive pluralJordanesGeticaIsidore of SevilleEtymologicum MagnumTabula PeutingerianaPorolissumScandzaBaltic SeaVistulaGothiscandzaFastidaBurgundiansOstrogothaGaliciaHadrianGermanic peoplesTacitusPtolemyAugustan HistoryClaudius GothicusScythianGrutungiAustrogotiTervingiCeltaeProbuspanegyricMaximianTaifaliAlemanniVerona listAmmianusOrosiusTransylvaniaDniesterSântana de Mureș-Chernyakhov cultureVictohaliMureș RiverSuevesSt. JeromeBethlehemOstrogothsȘimleu SilvanieiAttila the HunValamirBattle of the Catalaunian PlainsFranksRomansbattle was fought at the (unidentified) Nedao RiverPannoniaSarmatiansApahidaMarcianSomeșeniBattle of BoliaSremska MitrovicaTheodoric the GreatroutedWalter PohlsuzeraintyKing ElemundHerulsLangobardsVitigesSingidunumBelgradeJustinian IKing AlboinBattle of AsfeldByzantine armyPersiaMoesiamagister militumFrankishTheudebert INorthern ItalyThurisindHeruliansKutrigursAudoin'sAlboinThurisind'sTurismodMundusElemundLombard-Gepid warPaulus Diaconus