Fritz London

Being a Jew, London lost his position at the University of Berlin after Hitler's Nazi Party passed the 1933 racial laws.Bose recognized that the statistics of massless photons could also be applied to massive particles; he did not contribute to the theory of the condensation of bosons.London was also one of the early authors (including Schrödinger) to have properly understood the principle of local gauge invariance (Weyl) in the context of the then new quantum mechanics.I.e. that whilst magnetic flux is expelled from a superconductor, this happens exponentially over a finite length with an exponent which is now called the London penetration depth.In December 1972, John Bardeen, two-time winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, established an endowment fund "to perpetuate the memory of Fritz London, distinguished scientist and member of the Duke faculty from 1939 to the time of his death in 1954, and to promote research and understanding of Physics at Duke University and in the wider scientific community".
Fritz London at the Bunsen Congress, Munich, 1928
BreslauSilesiaDurham, North CarolinaQuantum chemistryLondon dispersion forcesLondon equationsLondon momentLondon penetration depthLorentz MedalphysicsDuke UniversityUniversity of BerlinUniversity of OxfordCollège de FranceMax von LauephysicistHeinz LondonGermany1933 racial lawsnaturalized citizenWalter HeitlerHeisenbergSchrödingercovalent bondPauli principleintermolecular forcesnanometerfermionsnonpolarpolar moleculesdipole momentssuperfluidityEinsteinbosonsBose–Einstein condensationgauge invariancequantum mechanicsList of Fritz London Memorial LecturesList of Fritz London Memorial PrizesJohn BardeenLondon, H.BibcodeClary, David C.