Force-feeding
The term gavage (UK: /ˈɡævɑːʒ, ɡæˈvɑːʒ/,[2][3] US: /ɡəˈvɑːʒ/,[3][4] French: [ɡavaʒ] ⓘ) refers to supplying a substance by means of a small plastic feeding tube passed through the nose (nasogastric) or mouth (orogastric) into the stomach.in extreme cases, patients with anorexia nervosa who continually refuse significant dietary intake and weight restoration interventions may be involuntarily fed by force via nasogastric tube under restraint within specialist psychiatric hospitals."[13] In 1911, Wiliam Ball, a male working class supporter who had broken two windows and consequently been sentenced to two months, was given this treatment and then separated from contact with his family, leading to his clandestine transfer to a mental hospital.[17]In 1914, Frances Parker, another Scottish suffragette, was being force-fed by the rectum (a nutrient enema, a standard procedure before the invention of intravenous therapy) and once by the vagina[16] in the Perth prison: Thursday morning, 16th July ... the three wardresses appeared again.Barnes wrote, "If I, play acting, felt my being burning with revolt at this brutal usurpation of my own functions, how they who actually suffered the ordeal in its acutest horror must have flamed at the violation of the sanctuaries of their spirits."Gerry Kelly, Hugh Feeney and sisters Dolours and Marian Price were force-fed while on hunger strike in separate British prisons.[21] Ethel Byrne was the first female political prisoner in the United States to be subjected to force feeding[22] after she was jailed at Blackwell Island workhouse on January 22, 1917, for her activism in advocating for the legalization of birth control.[24][7][25] In the 2009 case Lantz v. Coleman,[26] the Connecticut Superior Court authorized the state Department of Correction to force-feed a competent prisoner who had refused to eat voluntarily.[27] In 2009, terrorist Richard Reid, known as the "shoe bomber," was force-fed while on a hunger strike at the United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX, the federal supermax prison in Colorado.[30] The Associated Press quoted one 22-year old asylum seeker who alleged that "he was dragged from his cell three times a day and strapped down on a bed as a group of people poured liquid into tubes inserted into his nose."[32] On December 6, 2006, the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal at The Hague approved the use of force-feeding of Serbian politician Vojislav Šešelj."[33] In 2015, the Knesset passed a law allowing the force-feeding of prisoners in response to a hunger strike by a Palestinian detainee who had been held for months in administrative detention.[37] A similar situation played out in 2014 when 21 year old convicted anarchist bank robber and childhood friend of Alexandros Grigoropoulos, Nikos Romanos who engaged in a hunger-strike for access to education which lead to a force-feeding being ordered.[47] Some Africans on the Middle Passage journey to slavery in the United States tried to take their own lives by starving themselves, and were force fed with a contraption called the speculum orum.Waterfowl are suited to the tube method due to a non-existent gag reflex and an extremely flexible esophagus, unlike other fowl such as chickens.These migratory waterfowl are also said to be ideal for gavage because of their natural ability to gain large amounts of weight in short periods of time before cold seasons.In modern Egypt, the practice of fattening geese and male Muscovy ducks by force-feeding them various grains is present, unrelated to foie gras production, but for general consumption.
Feeding tubesuffragetteHM Prison Hollowayhunger strikeswomen's suffragenasogastricanorexia nervosainvoluntarilynasogastric tuberestraintpsychiatric hospitalshunger strikeDeclaration of TokyoWorld Medical AssociationtortureUyghurinternment campsreligious restrictions on the consumption of porkSuffragettesvotes for womenCat and Mouse ActSylvia PankhurstEmmeline PankhurstWomen's Social and Political UnionHM Prison HollowayWiliam BallMen's League for Women's SuffrageEthel MoorheadCalton JailFrances Parkernutrient enemaintravenous therapyPerth prisonDjuna BarnesNew York WorldIrish RepublicansIrish republicanThomas AsheDublinMountjoy JailGerry KellyHugh FeeneyDoloursMarian PriceIrish Republican ArmyMichael Gaughan (Irish republican)Frank Stagg (Irish republican)HM Prison WakefieldGuantanamo hunger strikesEthel ByrneworkhouseGuantanamoGuantanamo BayThe LancetLantz v. ColemanRichard ReidUnited States Penitentiary, Florence ADXsupermaxU.S. Immigration and Customs EnforcementOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human RightsUnited Nations Convention against TortureVladimir BukovskypneumoniaUnited Nations War Crimes TribunalThe HagueSerbianVojislav Šešeljinhuman or degrading treatmentKnessetadministrative detentionSupreme CourtDimitris KoufontinasanarchistAlexandros Grigoropoulosphysical punishmentWashington PostAbu Ghraib prisonU.S.-led coalitionforbidden in IslamAbu Ghraib torture and prisoner abusepremature babiesÉtienne Stéphane Tarnierneonatal intensive care unitnasogastric or sometimes orogastric tubesLeblouhNorth AfricaMauritaniavoluptuousobesityMiddle Passageslavery in the United Statesspeculumfoie graspeking duckAnimal welfareMulard duckverbal nounFrench verbgag reflexmigratory waterfowlMuscovy ducksShen Dzulaboratory animalsRight to diePankhurst, SylviaLexicoOxford University PressCollins English DictionaryHarperCollinsThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English LanguageBBC NewsAl JazeeraPugh, MartinPankhurst, EmmelineCBS NewsDaily KosBanks, Lynne ReidThe IndependentChristian Science MonitorBibcode