Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus

[7][12][13] During the period of substantial migration, the insurgency was being led by a group calling for a secular and independent Kashmir, but there were also growing Islamist factions demanding an Islamic state.[24][25][26] Although their numbers of dead and injured were low,[27] the Pandits, who believed that Kashmir's culture was tied to India's,[6][28] experienced fear and panic set off by targeted killings of some members of their community—including high-profile officials among their ranks—and public calls for independence among the insurgents.[30][31] The descriptions of the violence as "genocide" or "ethnic cleansing" in some Hindu nationalist publications or among suspicions voiced by some exiled Pandits are widely considered inaccurate and aggressive by scholars.The Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), an organization that had generally secular antecedents and the predominant goal of political independence,[6][25][72] led the uprising but did not abjure violence.[14][note 7] Under the 1975 Indira–Sheikh Accord, Sheikh Abdullah agreed to measures previously undertaken by the central government in Jammu and Kashmir to integrate the state into India.Around this time, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) tried to spread Wahhabism in place of Sufism to foster religious unity within their nation, and the communalization aided their cause.[91] G. M. Shah's administration, which did not have people's mandate, turned to Islamists and opponents of India, notably the Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari, Mohammad Shafi Qureshi and Mohinuddin Salati, to gain some legitimacy through religious sentiments.[91] In 1986, Shah decided to construct a mosque within the premises of an ancient Hindu temple inside the New Civil Secretariat area in Jammu to be made available to the Muslim employees for 'Namaz'.[94] An investigation of Anantnag riots revealed that members of the 'secular parties' in the state, rather than the Islamists, had played a key role in organising the violence to gain political mileage through religious sentiments.[95] For the 1987 state elections, various Islamist groups, including Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir, organised themselves under the banner of Muslim United Front, with a manifesto to work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre.Liquidation of central government officials, Hindus, liberal and nationalist intellectuals, social and cultural activists was described as necessary to rid the valley of un-Islamic elements.[105] The group targeted a Kashmiri Hindu for the first time on 14 September 1989, when they killed Tika Lal Taploo, an advocate and a prominent leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Jammu and Kashmir, in front of several eyewitnesses.[113][114][115] On 4 January 1990, Srinagar-based newspaper Aftab released a message, threatening all Hindus to leave Kashmir immediately, sourcing it to the militant organization Hizbul Mujahideen.[118][124] During the middle of the night of 18 and 19 January, a blackout took place in the Kashmir Valley where electricity was cut except in mosques[citation needed] which broadcast divisive and inflammatory messages, asking for a purge of Kashmiri Hindus.[125][126][better source needed] On 21 January, two days after Jagmohan took over as governor, the Gawkadal massacre took place in Srinagar, in which the Indian security forces had opened fire on protesters, leading to the death of at least 50 people, and likely over 100.Singh, Corporal Uday Shankar and Airman Azad Ahmad were killed and 10 other IAF personal were injured, while they were waiting at Rawalpora bus stand for their vehicle to pick them up in the morning.[136] On 4 June, Girija Tickoo, a Kashmiri Hindu teacher was gang raped by terrorists, who ripped her abdomen and chopped her body into two pieces with a saw machine while she was still alive.[145] In 2009 Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to recognise 14 September 2007, as Martyrs Day to acknowledge ethnic cleansing and campaigns of terror inflicted on non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by militants seeking to establish an Islamic state.[153][154] An organisation called Roots of Kashmir filed a petition in 2017 to reopen 215 cases of more than 700 alleged murders of Kashmiri Hindus, however the Supreme Court of India refused its plea.[159] In an interview with NDTV on 19 January, Farooq Abdullah created controversy when he stated that the onus was on Kashmiri Hindus to come back themselves and nobody would beg them to do so.His comments were met with disagreement and criticism by Kashmiri Hindu authors Neeru Kaul, Siddhartha Gigoo, Congress MP Shashi Tharoor and Lt. General Syed Ata Hasnain (retd.).[160][161][162][163] The issue of separate townships for Kashmiri Hindus has been a source of contention in the Kashmir valley, with Islamists, separatists, as well as mainstream political parties, all opposing it.[164] Hizbul Mujahideen militant, Burhan Muzaffar Wani, had threatened of attacking the "Hindu composite townships" which were meant to be built for the rehabilitation of the non-Muslim community.[166] Burhan Wani's self-styled successor in the Hizbul Mujahideen, Zakir Rashid Bhat, also asked the Kashmiri Hindus to return and ensured them protection.[167][168] In 2010, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir noted that 808 Hindus families, comprising 3,445 people, were still living in the Valley and that financial and other incentives put in place to encourage others to return there had been unsuccessful.
Kashmir ValleyIndian-administered KashmirCoordinatesMuslimKashmirinsurgencysecularIslamistIslamic stateHindu nationalistJammu and Kashmir Liberation FrontJammu DivisionbrahminPanun KashmirBharatiya Janata PartyBritish RajJammu and Kashmirprincely stateSunni IslamSheikh Abdullah1975 Indira–Sheikh AccordUniversity of Kashmirfuture insurgencyJamaat-e-Islami KashmirJammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)Azad Jammu and KashmirvotebankInter-Services Intelligence (ISI)WahhabismSufismIslamizationKashmiri HindusHindustaniIndian administrationAfghan mujahideenSoviet–Afghan WarIslamic Revolution in IranSikh insurgency in Indian PunjabKashmiri MuslimMaqbool BhatKashmiri nationalistsFarooq AbdullahPakistani-administered KashmirHashim QureshiIndira GandhiKhalistaniGhulam Mohammad ShahMohammad Shafi Qureshi1986 Kashmir riotsSoporeAnantnag riotJagmohan1987 state electionsMuslim United FrontShariaIslamic democracySunnahIslamic socialismInsurgency in Jammu and KashmirJammu Kashmir Liberation FrontTika Lal TaplooMufti Mohammad SayeedV.P. SinghRajiv GandhiJammu regionSrinagarNeelkanth GanjooSrinagar High courtkidnapped Dr. Rubaiya SayeedHizbul MujahideenIslamic rulesKalashnikovsPakistan Standard TimeGawkadal massacreIndian Air ForceYasin MalikViolence against Hindus in independent IndiaReligious persecutionFreedom of religionReligious violence1982 Bijon Setu massacre1983 Khoirabari massacre1983 Dhilwan bus massacre1987 Fatehabad bus massacre1987 Lalru bus massacre1991 Punjab killings1993 Kishtwar massacre1998 Chamba massacre1998 Wandhama massacre1998 Chapnari massacre1998 Prankote massacre2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre2000 Murder of Shanti Kali2001 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre2001 Kishtwar massacres2002 Godhra train burning2002 Qasim Nagar massacre2002 Akshardham Temple attack2002 Amarnath attack2002 Raghunath temple attacks2002-03 Marad massacres2016–17 targeted killings in Punjab, India2017 Amarnath Yatra massacre2024 Reasi attackSarwanand Koul PremiUnion TerritoryKashmir divisionOregon Legislative Assembly2016 Kashmir unrestPulwamaLashkar-e-ToibaSupreme Court of IndiaSiddhartha GigooShashi TharoorSyed Ata HasnainBurhan Muzaffar WaniIsraeli designsGovernment of Jammu and KashmirKendriya VidyalayasConstitution of Jammu and KashmirOur Moon Has Blood ClotsRahul PanditaShikaraVidhu Vinod ChopraThe Kashmir FilesVivek AgnihotriPartition of IndiaCIA FactbookBose, SumantraBraithwaite, JohnD'Costa, BinaMetcalf, Barbara D.Metcalf, Thomas R.The World Factbook – Central Intelligence AgencyThe HinduBrass, PaulBose, SugataJalal, AyeshaSchofield, VictoriaThe EconomistEuropean Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)Hindustan TimesThe Times of IndiaThe WireThe Indian ExpressOutlookZee NewsDaily News & AnalysisWayback MachineMadan, T. N.Metcalf, BarbaraCambridge University PressRai, MriduSwami, PraveenLal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of AdministrationA. G. NooranidiscriminationAtheismCampaigns in ChinaBaháʼí FaithBuddhismChristianityPersecutionCatholicismEastern OrthodoxyJehovah's WitnessesLDS or MormonProtestantismTewahedo Orthodoxypost–Cold War eraFalun GongHinduismUntouchabilityAhmadiyyaShi'ismSunnismminority MuslimJudaismNeopaganismRastafariSikhismYazidismZoroastrianismCensorshipBlood libelCommunal violenceCultural genocideDeprogrammingDesecrationDomicideEthnic cleansingEthnic conflictExtrajudicial killingExtrajudicial punishmentExclusivismForced conversionForced displacementHate crimeIconoclasmIntolerancePogromPolitical violencePopulation cleansingPopulation transferSectarian violenceSocial cleansingSegregationState atheismState religionTerrorismViolencePersecution of Christians in the Roman EmpirePersecution of pagans in the late Roman EmpireDecline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinentYellow Turban RebellionBattle of ToursRhineland massacresJerusalem massacreMuslim conquests in the Indian subcontinentInquisitionMassacre at AyyadiehNorthern CrusadesForced conversions of Muslims in SpainEuropean wars of religionOttoman–Habsburg warsGoa InquisitionFrench Wars of ReligionExpulsion of the MoriscosTest ActsPersecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contractionChristianization of the Sámi peopleFrench Revolutionary dechristianisationUtah War1860 Mount Lebanon civil warCircassian genocideDungan RevoltAdana massacreMassacres of Albanians in the Balkan WarsGreek genocidePontic Greek genocideAssyrian genocideArmenian genocidePersecution of Christians in the Eastern BlocSoviet persecution1917–19211921–19281928–19411958–19641970–1987legislationŠahovići massacreWhite Terror (Spain)Nazi boycott of Jewish businessesThe HolocaustGenocide of Serbs in the Independent State of CroatiaCommunist Polish persecutionCommunist Romanian persecutionNoakhali riotsDirect Action Day1946 Bihar riotsRawalpindi massacresViolence against Muslims in India1948 Palestinian expulsion and flightJewish exodus from the Muslim worldAntireligious campaigns in ChinaPersecution of TibetansExodus of Turks from BulgariaReligious violence in NigeriaIstanbul pogromBuddhist crisisHuế Phật Đản shootingsThích Quảng ĐứcXá Lợi Pagoda raidsCultural RevolutionFour OldsBangladesh genocideLebanese Civil WarCambodian genocide1984 anti-Sikh riotsRevival ProcessBig ExcursionYugoslav WarsEthnic cleansing in the Bosnian WarBosnian genocideWar crimes in the Kosovo WarWalisongo school massacreKosheh massacresSeptember 11 attacks2002 Gujarat riotsSouth Thailand insurgencyBoko Haram insurgencyMaspero demonstrationsAttacks by Islamic extremists in BangladeshYazidi genocideGenocide of Christians by ISILIraqi Turkmen genocidePersecution of Uyghurs in ChinaRohingya genocideChristchurch mosque shootings2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings2020 Delhi riots7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel2024 Istanbul church shootingCrocus City Hall attackKashmir conflictTimeline1846–19461947–presentWars and conflictsIndo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948Indo-Pakistani War of 1965Indo-Pakistani War of 1971Siachen conflictKargil War2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishesmedia coverage2014–20152016–20182016 Uri attack2016 Baramulla attack2016 Nagrota army base attack2020–20211947 Poonch rebellionOperation GibraltarOperation Grand SlamOperation TupacOperation BisonOperation Eraze2016 strike2019 airstrikeJinnah–Mountbatten talksUN mediation of the Kashmir disputeSimla Agreement1947 Jammu massacresChittisinghpura massacre2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing2006 Srinagar bombings2006 Doda massacreMarch 2013 Srinagar attack2017 Amarnath Yatra attack2018 Sunjuwan attack2019 Pulwama attack2022 Srinagar bombingTehreek-e-HurriyatLashkar-e-TaibaJaish-e-MohammedHarkat-ul-MujahideenAl-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)Ansar Ghazwat-ul-HindDukhtaran-e-MillatIslamic State – Khorasan ProvinceTehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and KashmirUnited Jihad CouncilKashmir Solidarity DayKashmir Martyrs' DayYoum-e-IstehsalJammu and Kashmir Black DayAzad Kashmir DayJammu and Kashmir Accession DayHuman rights abusesOHCHR reports on KashmirIkhwanCrowd controlStone peltingPeacebuildingWomen's rightsOver ground workersVillage Defence Committees