Conolidine
Preliminary reports suggest that it could provide analgesic effects with few of the detrimental side-effects associated with opioids such as morphine, though at present it has only been evaluated in mouse models.Conolidine was first isolated in 2004 from the bark of the Tabernaemontana divaricata (crape jasmine) shrub which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.The Weinreb group (2014) used a conjugative addition of an indole precursor to an oxime-substituted nitrosoalkene to generate the tetracyclic skeleton of conolidine in 4 steps.[7] In 2011, the Bohn lab noted antinociception against both chemically induced and inflammation-derived pain, and experiments indicated lack of opioid receptor modulation, but were unable to define a particular target.A 2019 study by a cross-site Australian and U.S. group discovered through cultured neuronal networks that conolidine may inhibit the Ca v2.2 channel, a mechanism seen in molecules like conotoxin.
clonidineCAS NumberChemSpiderPubChemCompTox DashboardSMILESChemical formulaMolar massstandard stateindole alkaloidanalgesicopioidsmorphineTabernaemontana divaricatatraditional Chinese medicineenantiomerpyridineMannichWeinrebindoleapparicineCa v2.2conotoxinpolypharmacologyopioid receptorendogenousopioid peptidesendorphinsenkephalinsLochnericinePericineStemmadenineConofolineLIH383RTI-5152-12BibcodeJournal of Natural ProductsBioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry LettersBioorganic & Medicinal ChemistryChemokine receptormodulatorsCCL4 (MIP-1β)CCL5 (RANTES)CCL9 (CCL10)Cenicriviroc (TAK-652, TBR-652)CCL3 (MIP-1α)MogamulizumabAplavirocMaravirocVicrivirocPRO-140BertilimumabCarlumabCXCR1(IL-8Rα)Interleukin-8 (CXCL8, GCP-1)CXCR2(IL-8Rβ)CXCL1 (MGSA)CXCL4 (PF4)CXCL9 (MIG)CXCL10 (IP-10)CXCL11 (I-TAC)EldelumabSDF-1 (CXCL12)UbiquitinMavorixaforPlerixafor (AMD3100)UlocuplumabCXCL13CXCL16C (XC)Lymphotactin-α (XCL1)Lymphotactin-β (XCL2)PateclizumabCX3CR1Fractalkine (CX3CL1)CC (β) chemokinesCMKLR1Chemerinμ-opioidfull list3-HO-PCP7-Hydroxymitragynineα-ChlornaltrexamineAcetyldihydrocodeineAcetylfentanylAcrylfentanylAdrenorphin (metorphamide)AH-7921AkuammicineAlfentanilAnileridineβ-EndorphinBenzhydrocodoneBenzylmorphineBezitramideBiphalinBuprenorphineButorphanButorphanolButyrfentanylBW373U86CarfentanilCasokefamideCebranopadolChloroxymorphamineCodeineDAMGO (DAGO)DermorphinDesmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)DesomorphineDextromoramideDextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)DezocineDimenoxadolDimethylaminopivalophenoneEluxadolineDiamorphine (heroin)DihydrocodeineDihydroetorphineDihydromorphineDinalbuphine sebacateDiphenoxylateDipipanoneDynorphin AEmbutramideEndomorphin-1