Environmental impact of the Vietnam War
[1] North Vietnam utilized the geography and ecology of the region to conceal their activities and move resources, such as via the complex network of tunnels and paths in the Ho Chi Minh trail.In response, the United States developed and deployed technologies and campaigns to clear forests and destabilize soil, greatly impacting the environment.[2] Over time, the long-term agricultural productivity in parts of Vietnam was reduced by many herbicidal agents and bombing campaigns.It is estimated that 3 million people were affected by Agent Orange alone and caused severe health problems, many of which were fatal.By 1970, there had been a severe drop in the usage of these herbicides due to controversy surrounding the use of chemical warfare by the United States.
United States Air ForcedefoliantVietnam Warenvironment of VietnamdefoliantsNorth VietnamHo Chi Minh trailUnited Statesagricultural productivitydeforestationhydrologyMekongImpact of Agent Orange in VietnamOperation Ranch HandViet CongRainbow HerbicidesAgent BlueAgent GreenAgent PurpleAgent PinkAgent WhiteAgent OrangeCambodiaDeforestation in VietnamDeforestation in CambodiaDeforestation in Laosmangrove forestsenvironmentOutlineViệt Minh / PAVNSouth VietnamInternational participantsThailandPhilippinesAustraliaPeople's Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaSouth KoreaNew ZealandLaotian Civil WarCambodian Civil WarCold War (1962–1979)Cold War in AsiaFrench IndochinaJapanese occupationState of VietnamFirst Indochina WarViệt MinhBattle of Dien Bien Phu1954 Geneva ConferenceVietnamese migration of 1954–551955 referendumNorth Vietnamese invasion of Laos1960 South Vietnamese coup attemptStrategic Hamlet ProgramIndependence Palace bombingBuddhist crisisCoup against DiemCoup against MinhGulf of Tonkin incidentResolutionDecember coupU.S. escalation / "Americanization"1965 South Vietnamese coupBombing of North VietnamBuddhist UprisingTet OffensiveKhe SanhCambodian campaignVietnamization policyARVN campaign in LaosEaster OffensiveChristmas bombingsParis Peace AccordsBattle of Phước Long1975 spring offensiveFall of SaigonCủ Chi tunnelsSihanouk TrailOperation PopeyeWeaponsLand minesUnited States prisoners of warWar crimesMy LaiĐắk SơnCasualtiesBody count controversyPOW/MIA issueImpact of Agent OrangeCambodian–Vietnamese WarIndochina refugee crisisVietnamese boat peopleSino-Vietnamese WarVeteransNormalization of US–Vietnam relationsDraft evasion in the Vietnam WarOpposition to United States involvementProtestsUnited States news mediaAwards and decorationsCanada and the Vietnam WarCIA activities in VietnamUnited Kingdom and the Vietnam WarHenry Kissinger’s involvementPentagon PapersWomen in the Vietnam War