Rough breathing
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα, romanized: dasỳ pneûma or δασεῖα daseîa; Latin: spiritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or after rho.Herbert Giles and others have used a left (opening) curved single quotation mark for the same purpose; the apostrophe, backtick, and visually similar characters are often seen as well.Under the archaizing influence of Katharevousa, this change has been preserved in modern Greek neologisms coined on the basis of ancient words, e.g. πρωθυπουργός ('prime minister'), from πρῶτος ('first') and ὑπουργός ('minister'), where the latter was originally aspirated.In the ancient Laconian dialect, medial intervocalic σ would become a rough breathing: ἐνῑ́κᾱἑ for Attic ἐνῑ́κησε.[citation needed] There is a polytonic Greek code range in Unicode, covering precomposite versions (i.e. breathing mark + vowel or rho, or vowel with pitch accent and/or iota subscript): Ἁ ἁ, Ἇ ἇ, ᾏ ᾇ, ᾉ ᾁ, Ἑ ἑ, Ἡ ἡ, Ἧ ἧ, ᾟ ᾗ, ᾙ ᾑ, Ἱ ἱ, Ἷ ἷ, Ὁ ὁ, Ῥ ῥ, Ὑ ὑ, Ὗ ὗ, Ὡ ὡ, Ὧ ὧ, ᾯ ᾧ, and ᾩ ᾡ.
Difficulty breathingSmooth breathingpolytonic orthographyAncient Greekromanizeddiacritical markdiphthongHellenisticmonotonic orthographyModern Greek phonologyThomas WadeWade–GilesromanizationMandarin ChineseHerbert Gilesquotation markapostrophebacktickmodern typographyarchaic Greek alphabetsModern GreekupsilondiarrhoeacrasisaspiratedarchaizingKatharevousaneologismsUnicodecode pointArmenianearly Cyrillic alphabetOld Church SlavonicSemitic languagesArabicHebrewa symbol similar to itGreek diacriticsʻOkinaHerbert Weir SmythDiacriticsRoman apexdouble acuteinverted brevecaron, háčekcedillacircumflexdiaeresisumlautdouble gravehook abovepalatal hookiota subscriptmacronogoneknosinėperispomenesicilicusVietnamese tildepalatalization markpokrytieanusvaraavagrahachandrabinduviramavisargaArabic diacriticsHebrew diacriticsdakuten, handakutenfull stop/periodhyphencaret (computing)degree symboldotted circleEnglish terms with diacritical marksMetal umlautPunctuation marks