Crew resource management
[5] While retaining a command hierarchy, the concept was intended to foster a less-authoritarian cockpit culture in which co-pilots are encouraged to question captains if they observed them making mistakes.Studies have shown the use of CRM by both work groups reduces communication barriers and problems can be solved more efficiently, leading to increased safety.[8] CRM training concepts have been modified for use in a wide range of activities including air traffic control, ship handling, firefighting, and surgery, in which people must make dangerous, time-critical decisions.CRM training encompasses a wide range of knowledge, skills, and attitudes including communications, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork; together with all the attendant sub-disciplines which each of these areas entails.[13] When the crew of United Airlines Flight 173 was making an approach to Portland International Airport on the evening of Dec 28, 1978, they experienced a landing gear abnormality.[16]One analysis blames failure to follow proper CRM procedures as being a contributing factor that led to the 2009 fatal crash into the Atlantic Ocean of Air France Flight 447 from Rio de Janeiro to Paris.[17] Following recovery of the black box two years later, independent analyses were published before and after the official report was issued by the BEA, France's air safety board.One was a French report in the book "Erreurs de Pilotage" written by Jean-Pierre Otelli,[18][19][20][21] which leaked the final minutes of recorded cockpit conversation.According to Popular Mechanics, which examined the cockpit conversation just before the crash: The men are utterly failing to engage in an important process known as crew resource management, or CRM.[17]The Canadian Transportation Safety Board (CTSB) determined a failure of crew resource management was largely responsible for the crash of First Air Flight 6560, a Boeing 737-200, in Resolute, Nunavut, on August 20, 2011.These "latent errors" include failures to follow published aircraft manuals, lack of assertive communication among maintenance technicians, poor supervision, and improper assembly practices.In 2005, to address these human-error-induced aircraft mishaps, Lt Col Doug Slocum, Chief of Safety at the Air National Guard's (ANG) 162nd Fighter Wing, Tucson, directed the modification of the base's CRM program into a military version called maintenance resource management (MRM).[37][36] Dr. Putnam also wrote a paper that applied CRM concepts to the violent deaths of 14 Wildland firefighters on the South Canyon Fire in Colorado.[citation needed] From this paper, a movement was initiated in the Wildland and Structural Fire Services to apply CRM concepts to emergency response situations.[40] TeamSTEPPs was designed to improve patient safety by teaching healthcare providers how to better collaborate with each other by using tools such as huddles, debriefs, handoffs, and check-backs.