[1] However, divergence in Dominion legislation and growing assertions of independence from London culminated in the creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946 and its separation from British subject status.[9] The Immigration Act 1971 relaxed controls on patrials, those whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom,[10] and effectively gave preferential treatment to Commonwealth citizens from white-majority countries.[11] Outside the United Kingdom, in some member states Commonwealth citizens also initially retained eligibility to vote in elections, to preferred paths to citizenship, and to welfare benefits.[24] Acquisition and loss of Commonwealth citizenship is tied to the domestic nationality regulations of each member state;[17] there is no separate process for obtaining this status.[27] The organization does not have a permissive system of free movement or labour[28] and in over half of the member states, Commonwealth citizens do not receive substantially different treatment than foreign nationals.[38] In addition, Commonwealth citizens were generally exempt from the requirement to register with local police, until the registration scheme was completely removed in August 2022.