Cold working

Cold forming techniques are usually classified into four major groups: squeezing, bending, drawing, and shearing.Work hardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and stronger, but less plastic, and may cause cracks of the piece.[1]: p.378 The possible uses of cold forming are extremely varied, including large flat sheets, complex folded shapes, metal tubes, screw heads and threads, riveted joints, and much more.The cold working process also reduces waste as compared to machining, or even eliminates with near net shape methods.[1]: p.376 Special precautions may be needed to maintain the general shape of the workpiece during cold working, such as shot peening and equal channel angular extrusion.
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