Chongqing model
The Chongqing model was also characterized by massive public works programs, subsidized housing for the poor, and social policies intended to make it easier for rural citizens to move to the city.When Bo Xilai was removed from his posts in the spring of 2012, authorities began a campaign to reverse several of the policies that characterized the Chongqing model, including by cracking down on expressions of "red culture".[1] Although Bo was initially unhappy about his reassignment as CCP secretary in Chongqing, he soon resolved to use his new position as a staging ground for a return to higher national office.[2] Bo made no secret of his desire to enter the nine-member Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) during the 18th Party Congress in autumn 2012,[3] when seven of the nine members of the PSC—including General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao—were expected to retire.[4] The transition would be an opportunity for the ambitious Bo to join the highest echelon of national leadership, likely as a replacement for ally Zhou Yongkang, head of the party's security apparatus.[4] Reports from the Jamestown Foundation suggest the initiative was given approval by general secretary Hu Jintao, and Bo struck a careful balance between claiming credit for the campaign and praising Beijing's leadership in the crackdown on crime.[14] Moreover, many of those targeted in the campaign were not criminals, but businessmen and political rivals whose assets were reportedly seized in order to help pay for Bo's popular social housing programs.[10] Li Jun, a fugitive businessman, told the Financial Times that Chongqing security forces seized his $700 million real estate business and tortured him as retaliation for attempting to purchase land that was also sought by the government.Wang Lijun, Bo's police chief, served as the architect of the state-funded project, which was described in official media as a "comprehensive package bugging system covering telecommunications to the Internet.[17] A cornerstone of Bo's Chongqing model was a series of egalitarian social policies aimed at lessening the gap between rich and poor and easing the rural-urban divide.Under China's hukou registration system, citizens are classified as either rural or urban—a distinction that determines not only where they may live, but also affects educational opportunities, taxation, property rights, and so on.Just as he had done in Liaoning province, Bo ambitiously pursued foreign investment in the city, lowered corporate income tax rates (15% compared to the 25% national average), and sought to stimulate rapid urbanization and industrialization.[44] Bo also touted "common prosperity" as part of his model, with mentions of the term being over 200 times in major newspapers in China from late 2010 to March 2012, 85% of them being from Chongqing Daily.Political rivals such as Bo's predecessor Wang Yang also suggested that economic figures such as those in Chongqing were "rigged"—artificially inflated through unnecessary construction and public works projects.[44] A collection of civil rights lawyers led by Liu Yang circulated an open letter online suggesting a review of criminal sentences under Bo's administration.The Washington Post reported that several relatives of individuals detained amidst the campaign began been seeking legal counsel from prominent civil rights lawyers—including Beijing-based Li Zhuang—in hopes of having the sentences overturned.However, The Wall Street Journal reported that it was "unclear whether the scrutiny of Chongqing's spending stems from concern about potential wrongdoing or the city's debt burden, or whether it is primarily a politically motivated attempt to attack Mr. Bo's 'Chongqing model."[57] Wu Jinglian, a Chinese liberal economist, and Sun Jian, a researcher at the CCP journal Qiushi, warned that vested interest blocs, such as the Gang of Princelings, should not block or unwind current reform.[29] Zhou Lian, an associate professor of philosophy at Renmin University of China, and Ai Weiwei, an artist in Beijing, have publicly criticized Bo and his Chongqing Model for being wrong and lowering trust.[61] Li Zhuang, a lawyer who was imprisoned as part of the "Striking Black" policy, said that "the Chongqing model is problematic because the city's leaders do not follow the rule of law".[62] Mary Gallagher, a sinologist and professor at the University of Michigan, evaluated the Chongqing Model as an attempt to find a “third way” between China's history of Maoist socialism and its current embrace of the global capitalist economy.
Simplified ChineseTraditional ChineseStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChinesemegalopolisChongqingBo XilaiCommunist Partysecretaryneo-leftistMaoistHu JintaoWen JiabaoWang YangChinese Communist PartyBo YiboCommunist Party secretaryPolitburo17th Party CongressGuangdongThree Gorges DamPolitburo Standing Committee18th Party CongressZhou YongkangGuangdong modelChongqing gang trialsWang LijunLiaoning provinceJamestown FoundationWu BangguoJia QinglinLi ChangchunXi Jinpingdue processrule of lawThe Wall Street JournalFinancial TimesThe New York TimesMa WenCentral Commission for Discipline Inspectioneconomic development were analogous to 'baking a cake'Singapore's Housing Development BoardChengduhukou registration systemginkosRed culture movementDown to the Countryside MovementCultural Revolution60th Anniversary of the People's Republic of ChinaXinhua News AgencyLittle Red BookMarxistThe Washington PostThe Daily Telegraphexport-led growthHewlett-PackardFoxconnFord motorscommon prosperityNew Left in ChinaCommunismLeft communismChinese nationalismLeft-wingMarxismMarxism-LeninismMaoismPost-modernismSocial democracySocialismFeminismAnti-capitalismAnti-corruptionAnti-imperialismEnvironmentalismIncome redistributionEqualityNew LeftState interventionSocial justiceSustainabilityWorkers' self-managementAnti-revisionismContinuous revolution theoryMass lineChinese economic reformHistory of the Chinese Communist PartyJasic incidentLang–Gu disputeNew EnlightenmentNew Rural Reconstruction MovementWang (Hui)Wang (Lijun)Wang (Shaoguang)Wang (Weizhong)Maoist Communist Party of ChinaZhi Xian PartyContemporary Chinese Thought and the Question of ModernityOne China, Many PathsChinese Left-wing YouthJasic Workers Solidarity GroupPeking University Marxist SocietyCapitalist roaderFeminism in ChinaChinese communismIncome inequality in ChinaLabor relations in China996 working hour systemDelivery Knights AllianceFoxconn suicidesLi Hongyuan incidentTonghua Iron and Steel Group riotLGBTQ rights in ChinaNew Left in JapanRed Song SocietyUtopia (internet forum)fled to the American consulateNeil Heywoodparty chiefZhang DejiangChina University of Political Science and LawWu JinglianQiushiRenmin University of ChinaAi Weiwei