Chiavenna
The Romans had two important roads built from Clavenna: the itineraries demonstrate that the route up the Valle Spluga to Splügen Pass was frequented in ancient times; as well as another, which separated from it at Clavenna, and led by a more circuitous route up the Val Bregaglia (Val Chiavenna) and across Septimer Pass to Curia (modern Chur), where it rejoined the preceding road.[citation needed] When the East Frankish king Otto I married the dowager queen Adelaide of Italy in October 951 and campaigned against King Berengar II, he assigned the Val Bregaglia and the control over Septimer Pass to the Bishopric of Chur, while the Bishops of Como held the adjacent estates from Villa down to Chiavenna in the southwest (corresponding to the current Italian-Swiss border).Chiavenna is crowned by a ruined castle, once an important strategic point, and the seat of the counts who ruled the valley from the time of the Goths till 1194, when the district was handed over to the Bishops of Chur.Two years later, the forces of the Chur bishops advanced across the Alpine crest into the Val Bregaglia and by 1194, Chiavenna was incorporated into the Upper Raetian territories of the Duchy of Swabia.During the time of the transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the early 15th century onwards, Chiavenna was controlled by the Three Leagues' forces,[4] fighting against the Sforza who had succeeded the Visconti as Dukes of Milan.A first Protestant parish arose in 1542; thereafter, Chiavenna became a centre of the Reformation while numerous religious refugees from the Italian lands settled here, among them notable theologians like Camillo Renato, Bernardino Ochino, and Girolamo Zanchi.Temporarily lost during the Bündner Wirren in 1620–39 during the Thirty Years' War, the Three Leagues' rule over Chiavenna actually lasted until 1797, when the French revolutionaries merged it into the Cisalpine Republic which was rapidly promoted to the Regno d'Italia with Eugène de Beauharnais as Viceré (the King being Napoleon Bonaparte himself).[citation needed] The Austrian administration build bold modern routes (Spluga, Stelvio), created hospitals and brought the level of medicine in Milan up to the top for the time.
Paolo ChiavennaLombardRomanshComuneRegionLombardyProvinceSondrioFrazioniDemonymTime zoneDialing codeGermanProvince of SondrioValchiavennaCittaslowLake ComoVal BregagliaCastasegnaValle SplugaPasso dello SplugaGrisonsPrata CamportaccioSan Giacomo FilippoNorthern ItalyPosterior RhineAugustusRaetia et VindeliciaItalianCisalpine GaulAlpine crestSplügen PassSeptimer PassRoman legionStilichoClaudianWestern Roman EmpireOstrogothic KingdomByzantine EmpireJustinian the GreatLombard kingdomEast FrankishOtto IAdelaide of ItalyBerengar IIBishopric of ChurBishops of ComoHoly Roman Emperortown privilegesSächsische WeltchronikHohenstaufenFrederick BarbarossaHenry the LionLombard LeagueUpper RaetianDuchy of SwabiaValtellinaVisconti lords of Milantransalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss ConfederacyThree LeaguesSforzaDukes of MilanLudovico SforzaWar of the League of CambraiSwiss ConfederacyFrenchLouis XIIBattle of NovaraBormiobailiwicksProtestantReformationCamillo RenatoBernardino OchinoGirolamo ZanchiBündner WirrenThirty Years' WarCisalpine RepublicEugène de BeauharnaisNapoleon BonaparteCanton of GrisonsPeter de SalisHabsburgKingdom of Lombardy–VenetiaCatholic sisterMaria Laura MainettisatanicsacrificePeter, (3rd) Count de SalisAvanti! Avanti!Clyde GeronimiAstor familyprecipitationChisholm, HughEncyclopædia Britannicapublic domainSmith, WilliamDictionary of Greek and Roman GeographyNew International EncyclopediaComuniAlbaredo per San MarcoAlbosaggiaAndalo ValtellinoApricaArdennoBerbenno di ValtellinaBianzoneBuglio in MonteCaioloCampodolcinoCaspoggioCastello dell'AcquaCastione AndevennoCedrascoCercinoChiesa in ValmalencoChiuroColorinaCosio ValtellinoDelebioDubinoFaedo ValtellinoForcolaFusineGerola AltaGordona