Blastoma

In the case of retinoblastoma, patients carry a visibly abnormal karyotype, with a loss of function mutation on a specific band of chromosome 13.The incidence has increased over the last three decades, and the risk of developing HBL has been demonstrated to be higher for premature babies with a birth weight of less than 1 kilo.The most common forms of therapy are surgical resection, aided by radiation and chemotherapy (before or after surgery), and the survival rates that this yields are between 50% and 90%, a wide range that is influenced by the age at diagnosis, metastasis and histologic variants of the medulloblastoma of each patient.This type of malignant neoplasm mimics pancreatic development at 7 weeks of gestation and tends to affect, most commonly, young male children.The incidence is of one case per every 15,000 to 20,000 live births, and some of the most common symptoms of this disease are leukocoria and strabismus, iris rubeosis, hypopyon, hyphema, buphthalmia, orbital cellulites and exophthalmia.Most of diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme cases (around 90% are in fact primary gliomas) arise from normal glial cells by following a multistep oncogenesis process.Metastases of this cancer type is not usually reported, and the treatment for this disease often includes full tumor resection along with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Immunotherapy, as well as integrin signaling pathways inhibitors are also useful for its treatment, and the prognosis depends on the localization of the tumor, the degree of malignancy, genetic profile, proliferation rate and patient's age.