Babri Masjid
[19][20] The decision was subsequently appealed by all parties to the Supreme Court, wherein a five judge bench heard a title suit from August to October 2019.It also ordered the government to give an alternative 2-hectare (5-acre) plot to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to replace the Babri Masjid that was demolished in 1992.[28] The rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and their successors, the Mughals, were great patrons of art and architecture and constructed many fine tombs, mosques and madrasas.[30] "A whisper from the Babri Masjid mihrab could be heard clearly at the other end, 200 feet [60 m] away and through the length and breadth of the central court" according to Graham Pickford, architect to Lord William Bentinck (1828–33).The inscriptions on the Babri Masjid premises found in the 20th century state that the mosque was built in 935 AH (1528–29) by Mir Baqi in accordance with the wishes of Babur.[36][37] William Finch, the English traveller who visited Ayodhya around 1611, wrote about the "ruins of the Ranichand [Ramachand] castle and houses" where Hindus believed the great God "took flesh upon him to see the tamasha of the world."The documents of Jai Singh preserved in the Kapad-Dwar collection in the City Palace Museum of Jaipur,[a] include a sketch map of the Babri Masjid site.The map shows an open court yard and a built structure with three temple spires (sikharas) resembling today's Babri Masjid with three domes.A mosque with three domes was constructed in its place but Hindus continued to offer prayers at a mud platform that marked the birthplace of Rama.[42][b] The Disputed Mosque: A Historical Inquiry by Sushil Srivastava mentions that The Babri Masjid has three inscriptions in Persian, in different styles of calligraphy, two outside and one inside the mosque-just above the pulpit.[34] In 1877, Syed Mohammad Asghar the Mutawalli (guardian) of the "Masjid Baburi at Janmasthan" filed a petition with the Commissioner of Faizabad asking him to restrain the Hindus that raised a chabutara on the spot regarded as the birthplace of Rama.[e] The inscription XLII was also Persian poetry in metre Ramal, and said that the mosque was founded in year 930 AH by a grandee of Babur, who was (comparable to) "another King of Turkey and China".The manuscript, Sahifa-I-Chihil Nasaih Bahadur Shahi, has not yet been found, and scholar Stephan Conermann has stated that Mirza Jan book, Hadiqa-yi shuhada, is not reliable.[52] Periodic violence erupted in the next two years, and the civil administration had to step in, refusing permission to build a temple or to use it as a place of worship.He agreed that the mosque was built on the land considered sacred by the Hindus, but ordered maintenance of status quo, since it was "too late now to remedy the grievance".[57] On 16 January 1950, Gopal Singh Visharad filed a civil suit in the Faizabad Court, asking that Hindus be allowed to worship Rama and Sita at the place.On 18 December 1961, the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board also filed a lawsuit, demanding possession of the site and removal of idols from the mosque premises.To raise public awareness, VHP planned nationwide rath yatras (chariot processions[58]), the first of which took place in September–October 1984, from Sitamarhi to Ayodhya.On 25 January 1986, a 28-year-old local lawyer named Umesh Chandra Pandey appealed to a court to remove the restrictions on Hindu worship in the Babri Masjid premises.[59] Communal tension in the region worsened when the VHP received permission to perform a shilanyas (stone-laying ceremony) at the disputed site before the national election in November 1989.On 6 December 1992, BJP, VHP and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) leaders gathered at the site to offer prayers and perform a symbolic kar seva.[61][62] Jihadist outfits like Indian Mujahideen and Lashkar-e-Taiba have cited the demolition of Babri Masjid as justification for attacks directed against India.[63][64][65] D-Company Crime Boss Dawood Ibrahim, wanted in India for his alleged ties to the 1993 Bombay bombings which killed 257 people, is believed to have been infuriated by Babri Masjid's demolition.[66] According to The Economist, "Among its souvenir stalls, those doing the briskest trade are the ones playing videos on a loop of Hindu fundamentalists demolishing the mosque.[65] Babri Masjid's demolition and its violent repercussions have negatively affected relations between India and Pakistan, and remain strained until the present day.[70] A 2005 book by the former Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Director Maloy Krishna Dhar claimed the senior leaders of RSS, BJP, VHP and Bajrang Dal had planned the demolition 10 months in advance.[71] In 2003, by the order of an Indian court, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was asked to conduct a more in-depth study and an excavation to ascertain the type of structure that was beneath the rubble.The Court observed that archaeological evidence from ASI shows that the Babri Masjid was constructed on a "structure", whose architecture was distinctly indigenous and non-Islamic.
Samuel BourneAffiliationAyodhyaDemolishedRam MandirMuhammad bin Abdullah MasjidUttar PradeshGeographic coordinatesMir BaqiAyodhya disputeArchaeology of AyodhyaVishnu Hari inscriptionDemolition of the Babri MasjidRam JanmabhoomiAyodhya firing incident2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack2019 Supreme Court verdictHindu MahasabhaVishva Hindu ParishadRam Janmabhoomi NyasBharatiya Janata PartyLiberhan CommissionNirmohi AkharaUttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf BoardmosqueHinduismfocus of disputeMughalThe mosque was attacked and demolishedHindu nationalistIndian subcontinentArchaeological Survey of IndiaAllahabad High Courtdemolished the mosqueconstruction of a Rama templeSupreme CourtDhannipurMughal emperorIndo-Islamic architectureDelhi SultanateMughalsmadrasasTughlaqBengalKashmirGujaratJaunpur SultanateAtala MasjidJaunpurJamali Kamili MosqueSher Shah SuriMughal architecturemihrabLord William BentinckBaburnamaRamcharitamanasTulsidasAin-i AkbariAbu'l-Fazl ibn MubarakWilliam FinchThomas Herbertbirthplace of RamaJai Singh IICity Palace MuseumJaipurJoseph TiefenthalerAurangzebcalligraphyA.S. BeveridgeS.P. GuptaFrancis Buchanan-HamiltonMontgomery MartinBritish LibraryAnton FührerBahadur Shah IMathuraBanarasR.S. SharmaM. Athar AliD.N. JhaSuraj BhanHanuman Garhi templeSunni Muslimsmahantstatus quoBritish Indian governmentUnited ProvincesUP Sunni Central Board of WaqfsRamacharitamanasdarshanVallabhbhai PatelJawaharlal NehruChief MinisterGovind Ballabh PantRam Rath YatraVishwa Hindu ParishadSitamarhiassassination of Indira GandhiRajiv GandhiL K Advanirath yatraRashtriya Swayamsevak Sanghkar sevaerupted in BombayIndian MujahideenLashkar-e-TaibaD-CompanyDawood Ibrahim1993 Bombay bombingsThe EconomistBangladeshPakistanright-wingHindu nationalistsUnited NationsAtal Bihari VajpayeeKalyan SinghIntelligence BureauMaloy Krishna DharBajrang DalP V Narasimha RaoS B ChavanShungaKushanAll India Muslim Personal Law BoardRam Lalla